HLTHSCI 3400 Exam 1

sickness or any departure, subjective or objective, from a psychological or physiological state of well-being

death

number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year

temporary or long-term reduction in a person's capacity to function

number of people suffering from a certain health condition over a specified time period

the rate at which new cases of a disease occur in a population

an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. Global health emphasizes transnational health issues, determinants, and solutions, involves many disciplines within and beyond the health sciences, and promotes interdisciplinary collaboration; and is a synthesis of population based prevention with individual-level clinical care

Determinants of health
Measurement of health status
Importance of culture to health
Global burden of disease
Key risk factors
Demographic and epidemiologic transitions
Organization and function of health systems
Links among health, education, poverty and equity

Environmental health
Nutrition
Women's health
Child health
Communicable diseases
Noncommunicable diseases
Injuries

Basic statistics on inequities in health status and access ( e.g. variations in life expectancy - 80+ yrs in Canada, Japan and other developed nations, yet 40 years in Afghanistan, Sierra Leone and many other poor nations)

Health equity concerns those differences in population health that can be traced to unequal economic and social conditions and are systemic and avoidable - and thus inherently unjust and unfair.
Equity means justice. Health equity is the principle or goal that motivates efforts to eliminate disparities in health between groups of people who are economically or socially worse-off and their better-off counterparts-such as different racial/ethnic or socioeconomic groups or groups defined by disability status, sexual orientation, or gender identity-by making special efforts to improve the health of those who are economically or socially disadvantaged.

Mortality among children aged 5 or less dropped from 12.4 to 8.1and then to 5.9 million deaths in 1990, 2009 and 2015 respectively.
20% increase between 1980 and 2008 in the proportion of women in low-and middle -income countries who received skilled assistance during delivery
Between 1990 and 2015, maternal mortality worldwide dropped by about 44%.
Between 2016 and 2030, as part of the Sustainable Development Goals, the target is to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100 000 live births.
289 million insecticide nets - sub-Saharan Africa by end of 2010 (enough to support 76% of the 765 million persons at risk of malaria)
Decline in new annual HIV infections from 3.5 million people in 1996 to 2.6 in 2009.
Eradication of extreme hunger and poverty.
Achieve universal primary education.
Promote gender equality and empower women.
Reduce child mortality.
Improve maternal health.
Combat HIV/AID, malaria and other diseases.
Ensure environmental sustainability.
Develop a global partnership for development.

Formulated in 2000
8 MDGs and 15 core targets
Countries that signed pledged to meet goals by 2015
All relate to health, whether directly or indirectly
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will be the new set of development goals

The interconnected factors that determine an individual's health status
Determinants include personal features, social status, culture, environment, educational attainment, health behaviors, childhood development, access to care, and government policy
Increasing attention is being paid to the "social determinants of health"

Finding which diseases people suffer from
Determining the extent to which the disease causes death or disability
Practicing disease surveillance
To perform these functions, it is important to use a consistent set of indicators

: illnesses caused by a particular infectious agent that spreads directly or indirectly from people to people, animals to people, or people to animals; also called infectious diseases

include road traffic injuries, falls, self-inflicted injuries, and violence, among other things

illnesses not spread by an infectious agent

Summarizes expected number of years to be lived in what might be termed the equivalent of good health
A health-expectancy measure

the years of ill health are weighted according to severity and subtracted from overall life expectancy

The sum of years lost due to premature death (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs). Indicates losses due to illness, disability and premature death in a population

Higher income countries tend to have a greater burden of noncommunicable diseases

The lowest income countries have a greater burden of communicable diseases

Africa and South Asia are set apart by their large burdens of communicable disease

Rural people will be less healthy
Disadvantaged ethnic minorities will be less healthy
Females will suffer from their weak social positions
Poor people will be less healthy
Uneducated people will be less healthy

Current world population is 7.2 billion and growing
Majority of population growth will occur in low- and middle-income countries
This growth will put substantial pressure on the environment and infrastructure

Population of the world is aging
Elderly support ratio—ratio between the number of people that are 15-64 years of age, compared with the number that are 65 years of age or older
Affects burden of disease because people will be living longer with morbidities and disabilities
Affects healthcare financing because of costs of caring for older people

Health and education of parents affects health and education of children
Malnutrition and disease affect cognitive development
Education contributes to disease prevention

female infanticide, less food for female children, lower enrollment in school, violence against women