Question 1

1) A chain of command in which authority flows from top to bottom
2) A division of labor whereby work is apportioned among specialized workers to increase productivity
3) Clear lines of authority among workers and their superiors
4) A goal orientation that determines structure, authority, and rules
5) Impersonality, whereby all employees are treated fairly based on merit and all clients are served equally, without discrimination, according to established rules
6) Productivity, whereby all work and actions are evaluated according to established rules

Accepted Answer

Modern bureaucracies exhibit these features

Question 2

Article I, section 8 of the US Constitution

Accepted Answer

When Congress creates any kind of department, agency, or commission, it is actually delegating some of its powers listed in this

Question 3

Describe their purpose and give them the authority to make numerous policy decisions, which have the effect of law

Accepted Answer

Because when Congress creates any kind of department, agency, or commission, it is actually delegating some of its powers listed in Article I, section 8 of the US Constitution, the laws creating departments, agencies, corporations, or commissions carefully do this

Question 4

Sets general guidelines for agency action and then allows the agency to work out the details

Accepted Answer

Congress recognizes that it does not have the time, expertise, or ability to involve itself in every detail of every program, so it does this

Question 5

Implementation

Accepted Answer

The process by which a law or policy is put into operation

Question 6

Iron triangles

Accepted Answer

Historically, in attempting to study how the bureaucracy made policy, political scientists investigated what they termed this

Question 7

Iron triangles

Accepted Answer

The relatively ironclad relationships and patterns of interaction that occur among agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees

Question 8

They no longer dominate most policy processes

Accepted Answer

Today, this is true of iron triangles

Question 9

Department of Veterans Affairs, the House Committee on Veterans Affairs, and the American Legion and the Veterans of Foreign Wars

Accepted Answer

Some iron triangles do persist, such as the relationships between these things

Question 10

Issue networks

Accepted Answer

Many political scientists who examine external influences on the modern bureaucracy prefer to study this

Question 11

Issue networks

Accepted Answer

The loose and informal relationships that exist among a large number of actors who work in broad policy areas

Question 12

Agency officials
Members of Congress (and committee staffers)
Interest group lobbyists

Accepted Answer

Issue networks, like iron triangles, include these things

Question 13

Lawyers
Consultants
Academics
Public relations specialists
Courts (sometimes)

Accepted Answer

Issue networks also include these things

Question 14

They are constantly changing as members with technical expertise or newly interested parties become involved in issue areas and others phase out

Accepted Answer

Unlike iron triangles, this is true of issue networks

Question 15

Increasing complexity of many policy domains

Accepted Answer

As a result of this, a number of alliances have also arisen within the bureaucracy

Question 16

Interagency councils

Accepted Answer

Working groups created to facilitate coordination of policy making and implementation across a host of governmental agencies

Question 17

Prime movers of administration policy in any area where an interagency council exists

Accepted Answer

Depending on the amount of funding these councils receive, they can be this

Question 18

U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness

Accepted Answer

This works to coordinate the activities of the more than 50 governmental agencies and programs that work to alleviate homelessness

Question 19

Policy coordinating committees (PCCs)

Accepted Answer

In areas marked by extraordinarily complex policy problems, recent presidential administrations have set up these to facilitate interaction among agencies and departments at the subcabinet level

Question 20

September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks

Accepted Answer

Policy coordinating committees (PCCs) gained increasing favor after this

Question 21

Homeland Security Council PCC (HSC-PCC)

Accepted Answer

This oversees multiple agencies and executive departments to ensure the creation and implementation of consistent, effective homeland security policies, as well as the coordination of such policies with state and local agencies

Question 22

Representatives from various executive departments as well as the FBI, CIA, FEMA, and the vice president's office

Accepted Answer

The HSC-PCC is composed of these things and works with and advises the White House on its agenda to combat terrorism

Question 23

Policy making

Accepted Answer

The main purpose of all of these decision-making bodies is this

Question 24

Informal and formal levels

Accepted Answer

Policy making and implementation take place here

Question 25

Individual government employees on a day-to-day basis

Accepted Answer

From a practical standpoint, many decisions are left here

Question 26

Department of Justice lawyers

Accepted Answer

These make decisions daily about whether or not to prosecute suspects

Question 27

Street-level Internal Revenue Service agents

Accepted Answer

These make many decisions during personal audits

Question 28

1) Exercise broad judgment in decisions concerning citizens with whom they interact
2) Their individual actions add up to agency behavior

Accepted Answer

Street-level bureaucrats makes policy in these two levels

Question 29

How bureaucrats interpret and how they apply) or choose not to apply) various policies

Accepted Answer

These things are equally important parts of the policy-making process

Question 30

Administrative discretion

Accepted Answer

The ability of bureaucrats to make choices concerning the best way to implement congressional or executive intentions

Question 31

Tremendous amount of leeway

Accepted Answer

Administrative discretion allows decision makers (whether they are in a Cabinet-level position or at the lowest GS level) this

Question 32

Rule making
Administrative adjudication

Accepted Answer

Bureaucrats exercise administrative discretion through these two formal procedures

Question 33

Rule making

Accepted Answer

A quasi-legislative process resulting in regulations that have the characteristics of a legislative act

Question 34

Regulations

Accepted Answer

Rules governing the operation of all government programs that have the force of law

Question 35

Lawmakers as well as law enforcers when they make rules or draft regulations to implement various congressional statutes.

Accepted Answer

Bureaucratic rule makers often act as this

Question 36

Rule making

Accepted Answer

Some political scientists say that this "is the single most important function performed by agencies of government"

Question 37

1946 Administrative Procedures Act

Accepted Answer

Because regulations often involve political conflict, this established rule-making procedures to give everyone the chance to participate in the process

Question 38

1) Public notice of the time, place, and nature of the rule-making proceedings be provided in the Federal Register
2) Interested parties be given the opportunity to submit written arguments and facts relevant to the rule
3) Statutory purpose and basis of the rule be stated

Accepted Answer

The 1946 Administrative Procedures Act required these things

Question 39

30 days

Accepted Answer

After rules are published, this long generally must elapse before they take effect

Question 40

Agency to conduct a formal hearing

Accepted Answer

Sometimes the law requires this before issuing rules

Question 41

Collect evidence and calls interested parties and interest groups to testify on the issue

Accepted Answer

A committee helps staffers do this

Question 42

Weeks, months, or even years

Accepted Answer

The process of issuing rules can take this long, at the end of which agency administrators must review the entire record and then justify the new rules

Question 43

Criticism of rules

Accepted Answer

Although cumbersome, the process has reduced this and bolstered the deference given by the courts to agency decisions

Question 44

Rule-making process

Accepted Answer

Many Americans are unaware of their opportunity to influence government through this

Question 45

Submit comments

Accepted Answer

All private citizens with interests in potential rules have the right to do this

Question 46

Governments regulations.gov portal

Accepted Answer

Presidents Bush and Obama have taken efforts to make commenting easier for citizens by using this

Question 47

80

Accepted Answer

As a result of the regulations.gov portal, the average rule receives about this many comments, but some rules may receive thousands of comments from citizens

Question 48

Federal laws the agencies are charged with enforcing, or that they are in violation of any agency rule or regulation

Accepted Answer

Agencies regularly find that persons or businesses are not in compliance with these

Question 49

Administrative adjudication

Accepted Answer

To enforce compliance, some agencies resort to this

Question 50

Administrative adjudication

Accepted Answer

A quasi-judicial process in which a bureaucratic agency settles disputes between two parties in a manner similar to the way courts resolve disputes

Question 51

Adjudication by any body other than the judiciary would be a violation of the constitutional principle of separation of powers

Accepted Answer

Administrative adjudication is referred to as quasi-judicial because of this

Question 52

Administrative law judges

Accepted Answer

Several agencies and boards employ these to conduct hearings

Question 53

Strictly independent and cannot be removed except for gross misconduct

Accepted Answer

Although employed by the agencies, administrative law judges are this

Question 54

Reviewable in the federal courts

Accepted Answer

The actions of administrative law judges are this

How the Bureaucracy Works (8.3)

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