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What does the measures of health allow?
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Estimates of relative importance of disease within a population
Monitoring of trends and identification of epidemics
Connection between determinants and health
Monitoring of trends and identification of epidemics
Connection between determinants and health
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What does estimating relative importance of disease allow for?
answer
Decide what to prioritize
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What is the importance of monitoring trends?
answer
...
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What is the importance of monitoring trends?
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So we can see what is working and what is not working, as well as what we need to watch to identify outbreaks
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Determinants of health
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Range of personal, social, economic and environmental factors which determine the health status of individuals or populations
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Personal factors
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These include genetic makeup, sex, and age
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Individual lifestyle factors
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People's own health practices and behaviors
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Social factors
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Social support from family, friends, and community
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Living and working conditions
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Housing, access to safe water and sanitation, access to nutritious food, and access to health services
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Socioeconomic factors
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Culture, education, and socioeconomic status
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Socioeconomic status
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Refers to a person's economic, social, and work status
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What are root causes?
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Natural environment
Macro issues
Inequalities
Macro issues
Inequalities
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Natural environment causes
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Climate
Water and food supply
Water and food supply
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Macro issues
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Historical conditions
Demography
Governance
Economic and social policies
Conflicts/war
Demography
Governance
Economic and social policies
Conflicts/war
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Inequalities
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Distribution of wealth
Distribution of employment opportunities
Distribution of education opportunities
Distribution of political influence
Distribution of employment opportunities
Distribution of education opportunities
Distribution of political influence
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Underlying causes
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Built environment
Social context
Social context
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Built environment
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Land use and city planning
Transportation systems
Services and facilities (shops, parks, libraries, etc.)
Transportation systems
Services and facilities (shops, parks, libraries, etc.)
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Social context
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Community policies and investments
Enforcement of ordinances
Civic participation
Quality of education
Enforcement of ordinances
Civic participation
Quality of education
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Proximal causes
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Material circumstances
Behavioral factors
Psychosocial factors
Behavioral factors
Psychosocial factors
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Material circumstances
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Income
Living and working conditions
Food availability
Environmental toxins
Living and working conditions
Food availability
Environmental toxins
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Behavioral factors
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Physical activity
Smoking
Alcohol use
Dietary practices
Sexual behavior
Use of health care
Smoking
Alcohol use
Dietary practices
Sexual behavior
Use of health care
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Psychosocial factors
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Education level
Social participation and integration (or exclusion)
Social support, resources available in social networks
Social participation and integration (or exclusion)
Social support, resources available in social networks
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Infant mortality rate
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The number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1000 live births in a given year
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Life expectancy at birth
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The average number of years a newborn baby could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of the newborn's life
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Maternal mortality ratio
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The number of women who die as a result of pregnancy and childbirth complications per 100,000 live births in a given year
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Neonatal mortality rate
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The number of deaths of infants under 28 days of age in a given year per 1,000 live births in that year
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Under-5 mortality rate (child mortality rate)
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The probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age 5, expressed as a number per 1000 live births
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Morbidity
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Sickness or any departure, subjective or objective, from a psychological or physiological state of well-being
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Mortality
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Death
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Death rate
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Number of deaths per 1000 population in a given year
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Disability
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Temporary or long-term reduction in a person's capacity to function
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Prevalence of health conditions
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Number of people suffering from a certain health condition over a specific time period
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Point prevalence
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The proportion of the population that is diseased at a single point in time
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Communicable diseases
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Infectious diseases
Illnesses that are causes by a particular infectious agent and that spread directly or indirectly from people to people, animals to people, or people to animals
Illnesses that are causes by a particular infectious agent and that spread directly or indirectly from people to people, animals to people, or people to animals
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Noncommunicable diseases are illnesses that are not spread by an
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Illnesses that are not spread by any infectious agent, such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, and diabetes, even though they might have an infectious cause, such as cervical cancer
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...
answer
...
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What does measuring health trends allow for?
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Allows to make etiological connections. Unless you carefully measure potential risk factors and disease, you cannot make connections
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