International Health – Unit 1

- to gain a better understanding of the progress made so far in addressing global health problems
- to better understand the most important global health challenges that remain, and what we must do to address them quickly

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities, and individuals

an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide

The UN's creation of eight goals for economic development and social progress in 2000. Members agreed to reach the goals by 2015.
1. Eliminate extreme poverty
2. Guarantee universal education
3. Promote equality for women
4. Reduce child mortality rates
5. Better maternal health services and reduction of maternal mortality rate
6. Reduce spread snd improve treatment for HIV/AIDS and other diseases
7. Environmentally sustainable development
8. Global development partnerships among member nations

Some of the keys to eradicating smallpox were the mass production of a vaccine, goals were set to help encourage this. The breakthrough technology of the bifurcated needle. The WHO came together to create an eradication team that would spread the vaccine to a majority of countries. This eradication process should set a precedent that goals and strict installation of treatment to all locations work effectively. This team the WHO formed had a military-style approach and it helped avoid the difficult situations and the transmission was stopped.

the range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status

The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country.

the average number of years a newborn baby could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of the newborn's life

Number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth.

the number of deaths to infants under 28 days of age in a given year per 1000 live births in that year

A figure that describes the number of children that die between the first and fifth years of their lives in a given population

health adjusted life expectancy
the number of years a person of a given age can expect to live in good health, account of mortality and disability.

A measure of the burden of disease, one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease, or injury.

1. attempts to create a single indicator to compare how far countries are from good health
2. takes into account morbidity, mortality, and disability
3. focused between age, region, income.

1. people are living longer in most of the world
2. globally, women live 5 years older than men
3. in the last decades there have been significant declines in communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional cause of deaths
4. mortality rates have decreased for children under 5

1. improved healthcare
2. health standards increasing/stricter regulations
3. more agriculture= more food and better nutrition

1. mortality decrease differs by country
2. years of life lost due to premature death are increasing for diabetes, cancers, drug abuse, conflict, and terrorism
3. burden of disease is mainly noncommunicable
4. with life expectancy increasing and death decreasing, there's an increase in the years lived with disability

Low-income countries tend to have group 1 issues for their cause of premature disabilities (communicable diseases) (HIV); whereas high-income countries deal with more non-communicable diseases like cancer or heart disease

understanding health status factors, measuring indicators, and historical accounts

sickness or any departure, subjective or objective, from a psychological or physiological state of well-being

death

temporary or long-term reduction in a person's capacity to function

number of people suffering from a certain health condition over a specified period

the rate at which new cases of a disease occur in a population

primary
secondary
tertiary

intervention before health effects occur (March 2019 quarantine)

screening to identify the disease before the onset of signs and symptoms (testing for COVID before travel)

managing disease post-diagnosis to slow or stop disease progression through measures such as chemotherapy, rehabilitation, and screening for complications (quarantining when sick)

illness caused by a particular infectious agent that spreads directly or indirectly from people to people, animals to people, people to animals. AKA infectious diseases

illnesses not spread by an infectious agent

include road traffic injuries, falls, self-inflicted injuries, and violence, among other things

1. The interconnected factors that determine an individual's health status
2. include personal and inborn features, socioeconomic status, culture, environment, educational attainment, health behaviors, childhood development, access to health care, and government policy
3. increasing attention is being paid to the social determinants of health

1. rural populations tend to be less healthy than urban populations
2. disadvantaged ethnic minorities' are less healthy than majority population
3. females suffer from a number of conditions related to their relativity disadvantaged social positions
4. poor people are less healthy than wealthier people
5. uneducated people will be less healthy than those better educated

1. global population was 7.6 billion in 2018
2. the majority of growth will occur in low-income middle income countries, especially SSA
3. high-income countries are below-replacement fertility
4. estimated global population is 9.9 billion

the total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population size

9.9 billion

1. elderly support ratio = # of people 15-64: 65+
2. aging population and shift in the elderly support ratio has profound implications for
- burden of disease
- health expenditures
- how health care will be financed

The number of working-age people (ages 15 to 64) divided by the number of persons 65 and older.

1. the majority of global population lives in urban areas
2. urbanization puts pressure on urban infrastructure (water, sanitation, schools, & health services)
3. gaps in infrastructure can have substantial negative consequences for health

1. highest-income countries have low fertility, declining populations, and aging populations
2. lowest-income countries have high fertility

1. shift in the pattern of high fertility and high mortality to low mortality with population growth between
2. decline in mortality with improved hygiene and nutrition followed by a decline in fertility