question
What is sanitation?
answer
refers to the disposal of human excerta
6 "F"
feces
fluids
fields
fingers
food
flies
FECES contaminates FLUIDS
(bodies of water and FIELDS
That may put feces onto hands and those FINGERS may touch FOOD
FLIES may also spread feces to food and water
question
What are the four categories of health determinants?
answer
1. Behavior
2. Heredity
3. Environment - Social and Physical environment
4. Medical care
2. Heredity
3. Environment - Social and Physical environment
4. Medical care
question
What are examples of factors that impact health outcomes?
answer
Educational attainment
Being and staying employed
type of employment
Access to health care
Housing
Income
Discrimination
Social networks
Being and staying employed
type of employment
Access to health care
Housing
Income
Discrimination
Social networks
question
What are the health belief systems that are used in cultures to explain illness?
answer
Magico religious: supernatural forces that inflict illness on humans
Biomedical - health is controlled by physical and biomedical processes
Deterministic - Outcomes are pre ordained and can not be changed
Biomedical - health is controlled by physical and biomedical processes
Deterministic - Outcomes are pre ordained and can not be changed
question
What are social determinants and how do they influence health?
answer
Economic and social conditions that influence the health of people and communities
* economic stability
* education access and quality
* Health care access & quality
*Neighborhood & Built environment
* Social and Community
Educational attainment
Access to health care
Employment
Housing
Income
Discrimination
* economic stability
* education access and quality
* Health care access & quality
*Neighborhood & Built environment
* Social and Community
Educational attainment
Access to health care
Employment
Housing
Income
Discrimination
question
What concepts explain whose needs (family or individual) are held in priority, according to culture?
answer
Familism - family over individual
*Decisions are made as a family
* In these cultures, value is placed on the family unit as a whole
Individualism - priority is individual over family or group
* In these culture, value placed on independent problem solving and achievement
question
How are health status indicators used?
answer
- finding which disease people suffer from
- determining the extent to which disease causes death or disability
- practicing disease surveillance
- determining the extent to which disease causes death or disability
- practicing disease surveillance
question
What risk factors pertaining to culture are leading causes of death?
answer
Nutrition and eating practices
Tobacco use
Unsafe sex
Hygiene
Tobacco use
Unsafe sex
Hygiene
question
What is the "ecological perspective"?
answer
"Health-related behaviors are affected by and affect multiple levels of influence" "Behavior both influences and is influenced by the social environment in which it occurs"
Individual - influences behaviors such as knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and personality traits.
Interpersonal - processes and primary groups including family, friends, and peers.
Institutional - rules, regulations, policies, and informal structures
Community - social networks and norms or standards that exist formally or informally among individuals, groups, and organizations
Public policy - local, state, and federal and laws that regulate or support healthy actions and practices for disease prevention, early detection, control, or management.
question
What is a non-governmental organization? How is it funded?
answer
...
question
What are leading risks for mortality around the world?
answer
high blood pressure 13%
tobacco use 9%
high blood glucose 6%
physical inactivity 6%
overweight and obesity 5%
tobacco use 9%
high blood glucose 6%
physical inactivity 6%
overweight and obesity 5%
question
Which income levels (e.g., high, middle, low) of countries are affected by the risks for mortality?
answer
They affect countries across all income groups: high, middle and low.
question
What are the leading global health risks for burden of disease (measured in DALYs)?
answer
underweight 6%
unsafe sex 5%
alcohol use 5%
unsafe water, sanitation & hygiene 4%
unsafe sex 5%
alcohol use 5%
unsafe water, sanitation & hygiene 4%
question
Which income levels of countries affected by the risks for burden of disease
answer
low income countries
question
What is the definition of "health risk"?
answer
" a factor that raises the probability of adverse health outcomes"
question
Which income levels of countries are affected by heart disease?
answer
high income countries
question
What is the "double burden" of disease faced by low income countries
answer
noncommunicable conditions & communicable diseases
question
What is the definition of "globalization"?
answer
However defined, this term has many dimensions, including economic, technological, political, social, scientific and cultural aspects.
question
In what ways is globalization is helpful?
answer
extraordinary improvements in information technology have dramatically increased the speed and ease of data flow, thereby facilitating the sharing of information. Medical discoveries made in one country can be made nearly instantaneously available to patients in other countries (Wassenaar, 2003). It has also sped up the pace of discovery by linking researchers across the globe to work on the same problem, such as the response to SARS. Global cooperation of scientists linked through the internet resulted in the impressively rapid identification of the SARS virus
question
To which classification (developing, developed) of countries is the health risk from tobacco resulting from globalization the greatest threat? Why?
answer
developing
increases non-communicable diseases and trade in health services.
Up to 70% of these deaths, caused by lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), lung diseases, diabetes.
tobacco companies intensively target people in poorer nations as potential customers. The high incidence of smoking among children and adolescents, and the disturbingly low age of initiation.
increases sedentary lifestyle, the use of tobacco and a fat- and sugar-rich diet
increases non-communicable diseases and trade in health services.
Up to 70% of these deaths, caused by lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), lung diseases, diabetes.
tobacco companies intensively target people in poorer nations as potential customers. The high incidence of smoking among children and adolescents, and the disturbingly low age of initiation.
increases sedentary lifestyle, the use of tobacco and a fat- and sugar-rich diet
question
How does increased global travel affect health?
answer
facilitates the spread of communicable diseases
question
How does globalization improve health research?
answer
Globalization has also brought about improvements in research methodology, and some argue that clinical research has become more sophisticated as a result.
The extraordinary improvements in information technology have dramatically increased the speed and ease of data flow, thereby facilitating the sharing of information.
The extraordinary improvements in information technology have dramatically increased the speed and ease of data flow, thereby facilitating the sharing of information.
question
According to Bill Gates in his article "How to Keep America Safe", what are ways that working with other countries helps to keep the U.S. safe?
answer
These projects keep Americans safe, and by promoting health, security, and economic opportunity, they stabilize vulnerable parts of the world. Prevents epidemics,PEPFAR, a more stable world, proof of America's global leadership, The world will not be a safer place if the U.S stops helping other countries meet their needs, U.S programs are critical to preventing conflicts and reducing the need to put our men and women in uniform in harm's way. In conclusion, it protects Americans by preventing epidemics, saving lives, aid deliveries phenomenal benefits, and for a bargain, it represents less than 1% of the federal budget, not even a penny out of every dollar. This money is well spent, and it has an enormous impact and is ought to be maintained.
question
What is the 10/90 gap? Does evidence justify its existence?
answer
Activists claim that only 10 per cent of global health research is devoted to conditions that account for 90 per cent of the global disease burden - the so-called '10/90 Gap
They argue that virtually all diseases prevalent in low income countries are 'neglected' and that the pharmaceutical industry has invested almost nothing in research and development (R&D) for these diseases.
They argue that virtually all diseases prevalent in low income countries are 'neglected' and that the pharmaceutical industry has invested almost nothing in research and development (R&D) for these diseases.
question
What are some diseases related to poverty
answer
Cholera
Tuberculosis
Malaria
Tuberculosis
Malaria
question
What socio-economic group do communicable/infectious diseases disproportionately affect globally?
answer
the poor
low and middle-income countries
top ten killers
whooping cough
tetanus
measles
HIV/aids
hep b
malaria
diarrhea
tuberculosis
respiratory infections
roundworm/hookworms
low and middle-income countries
top ten killers
whooping cough
tetanus
measles
HIV/aids
hep b
malaria
diarrhea
tuberculosis
respiratory infections
roundworm/hookworms
question
What are the pathways of communicable disease transmission? What are examples of diseases transmitted in each of those pathways?
answer
animal - animal
animal - human
human - human
Communicable disease synonymous with infectious diseases.
Transmission Paths
foodborne: Salmonella, E. coli
waterborne: Cholera, rotavirus
sexual or bloodborne: Hepatitis, HIV
Vector-borne: Malaria, Chagas
Inhalation: Tuberculosis, influenza
animal - human
human - human
Communicable disease synonymous with infectious diseases.
Transmission Paths
foodborne: Salmonella, E. coli
waterborne: Cholera, rotavirus
sexual or bloodborne: Hepatitis, HIV
Vector-borne: Malaria, Chagas
Inhalation: Tuberculosis, influenza
question
What are some of the most prevalent communicable diseases globally?
answer
HIV
TB
Malaria
TB
Malaria
question
What are the burdens, costs, and consequences for key communicable diseases globally?
answer
Constrain health and development of children, affecting school and adult productivity
Strong stigma and discrimination associated with HIV, TB and other such as leprosy
Limit productivity and income of adult workers
Cost of treatment burden families
High rates of communicable diseases reduce investment in a country's development
The burden of Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases. Antimicrobial resistance, future challenges
Emergings - SARS & MERS
Reemerging - Cholera & Ebola
Strong stigma and discrimination associated with HIV, TB and other such as leprosy
Limit productivity and income of adult workers
Cost of treatment burden families
High rates of communicable diseases reduce investment in a country's development
The burden of Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases. Antimicrobial resistance, future challenges
Emergings - SARS & MERS
Reemerging - Cholera & Ebola
question
What are the control measures for communicable diseases?
answer
reducing the incidence and prevalence of a disease to an acceptable level.
Disease control measures
vaccinations
vector control
improved water, sanitation, hygiene
improved care seeking, disease recognition
case management (treatment) and improve caregiving
case surveillance, reporting and containment
behavioral change.
Disease control measures
vaccinations
vector control
improved water, sanitation, hygiene
improved care seeking, disease recognition
case management (treatment) and improve caregiving
case surveillance, reporting and containment
behavioral change.
question
What are emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases?
answer
Emerging infectious disease: newly discovered disease - MERS - Arabian Peninsula 2012
- SARS - China 2002
Reemerging infectious disease - an existing disease that has increased in incidence spread to new places, or has taken on a new form
- EBOLA - West Africa 2014
-Cholera - Peru 1997
- SARS - China 2002
Reemerging infectious disease - an existing disease that has increased in incidence spread to new places, or has taken on a new form
- EBOLA - West Africa 2014
-Cholera - Peru 1997
question
What factors are responsible for emerging and remerging infectious diseases?
answer
Key factors include microbial adaptations and change, climate, changing ecosystems, international travel and commerce and war.
question
What is a non-governmental organization? How is it funded?
answer
...
question
What is the relationship between poverty and disease in developing nations?
answer
...
question
What is the relationship between poverty and disease in developing nations?
answer
...
question
What is the difference between malnutrition and undernutrition?
answer
Malnutrition: refers to those who do not get proper nutrition, whether too little, too much, or the wrong kind
Undernutrition - the three most common used indexes for child undernutrition are height for age, weight for age, and weight for height.
Undernutrition - the three most common used indexes for child undernutrition are height for age, weight for age, and weight for height.
question
What are some of the benefits of global partnerships?
answer
...
question
What are some of the challenges of global partnerships?
answer
...
question
What are some means to addressing undernutrition?
answer
Interventions for pregnant women:
* folic acid supplements or fortification
* Balanced energy protein supplements
* Calcium supplements
*Multi micronutrient fortification
* Promotion of appropriate breastfeeding practice
* appropriate complementary feeding
Intro packaged nutritional interventions include
* Supplement of vitamin A & Zinc for children aged 6 - 59 months.
* Appropriate management of severe acute malnutrition
*Appropriate management of moderate acute malnutrition
* Highly cost effective: cost per DALY averted about $179
* folic acid supplements or fortification
* Balanced energy protein supplements
* Calcium supplements
*Multi micronutrient fortification
* Promotion of appropriate breastfeeding practice
* appropriate complementary feeding
Intro packaged nutritional interventions include
* Supplement of vitamin A & Zinc for children aged 6 - 59 months.
* Appropriate management of severe acute malnutrition
*Appropriate management of moderate acute malnutrition
* Highly cost effective: cost per DALY averted about $179
question
What are some key charitable foundations? What population or disease do they focus? What are the largest charitable foundations?
answer
...
question
What is "global public good"?
answer
...
question
What are aspects to water access?
answer
...
question
What are key terms associated with communicable disease and what are they definitions?
answer
Case - and individual with a particular disease
Case Fatality rate - the proportion of persons with a particular condition (case) who dies from that condition
Control (disease control) reducing the incidence and prevalence of a disease to an acceptable level
Elimination (of disease) - reducing the incidence of a disease in a specific area to zero
question
What role do social determinants of health play in communicable diseases globally?
answer
Consequences of poverty
- Poor nutrition
- indoor air pollution
- lack of sanitation
- lack of education/health education
* Results? Preventable deaths
- Poor nutrition
- indoor air pollution
- lack of sanitation
- lack of education/health education
* Results? Preventable deaths
question
What are examples of water sources and sanitation facilities that "need improvements"?
answer
...
question
What are some of the consequences of undernutrition?
answer
Death
Risk factors: diarrhea, pneumonia, measles and other communicable disease.
about 3 million "under 5 years of age" die each year can be attributes to nutrition
Nutrition status has a profound relationship with health status
45% of all death in children under 5 are linked to nutrition related causes.
Risk factors: diarrhea, pneumonia, measles and other communicable disease.
about 3 million "under 5 years of age" die each year can be attributes to nutrition
Nutrition status has a profound relationship with health status
45% of all death in children under 5 are linked to nutrition related causes.
question
What are examples of water sources and sanitation facilities that are "improved"?
answer
...
question
Are interventions for undernutrition cost-effective?
answer
Yes - for the cost of 3 Starbucks lattes we can save a life a year.
High cost effective: cost per DALY averted about $179
High cost effective: cost per DALY averted about $179
question
What is the relationship between sanitation and clean water?
answer
...
question
What is the relationship between undernutrition and communicable diseses?
answer
Inadequate dietary intake: weakens the body and opens it up for infections
Illnness: makes it harder for people to eat, absorb the nutrients they take in and raises the need for some nutrients.
The relationship creates a cycle of illness and infection.
Illnness: makes it harder for people to eat, absorb the nutrients they take in and raises the need for some nutrients.
The relationship creates a cycle of illness and infection.
question
What are examples of "costs" that may be incurred by the "burden of disease" in a country?
answer
...
Order an Essay Now & Get These Features For Free:
Turnitin Report
Formatting
Title Page
Citation
Outline
