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Sterilization
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The process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores.
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Disinfection
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The process of destroying pathogens from inanimate surfaces: countertops
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antisepsis
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Removing pathogens from living tissue (skin)
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sanitation
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reduction in microbial numbers considered safe by public health agencies. Usually applied to the food industry.
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cidal
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agent that kills a microbe
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static
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agent that inhibits growth but does not kill a microbe
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6 hallmarks of good antimicrobial agent
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low cost, low toxicity to humans, water solubility, ability to kill or inhibit a wide range of microbes, good penetrating power, rapid action
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most resistant to least resistant
answer
1. Prions
2. Endospores of bacteria
3. Mycobacteria
4. Cysts of protozoa
5. Active- stage protozoa
6. Gram-negative bacteria
7. Fungi
8. noneveloped virus
9. Gram-positive bacteria
10. enveloped viruses
2. Endospores of bacteria
3. Mycobacteria
4. Cysts of protozoa
5. Active- stage protozoa
6. Gram-negative bacteria
7. Fungi
8. noneveloped virus
9. Gram-positive bacteria
10. enveloped viruses
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d value
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amount of time required to kill 90% of microorganisms present
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thermal death point
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the lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in a set amount of time
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thermal death time
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determines the amount of time required to kill microbes at a set temperature
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Is E. coli or S. aureus less resistant to heat?
answer
e coli
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what is the nm for visible light
answer
400-700
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what is the wavelength for UV light?
answer
200-300
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what is most bactericidal?
answer
254 nm
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how is UV radiation bactericidal?
answer
It disrupts DNA replication by crosslinking Thymine
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disinfectants
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Chemical products that destroy all bacteria, fungi, and viruses on surfaces.
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antispetic
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applied to living tissue
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bleach
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denature protein; intermediate
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70% alcohol
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denature protein and disrupts cell membrane; intermediate
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lysol
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- disrupts cell membranes
- intermediate to low
- intermediate to low
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mouthwash
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disrupts cell membrane; low
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Selective toxicity
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the chemical being used should kill or inhibit the intended pathogen without causing harm to the host (human)
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What is the zone of inhibition?
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The area around the antibiotic disk in which bacteria cannot grow
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what is the name of the circle test?
answer
•Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion
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What does MIC stand for?
answer
minimum inhibitory concentration
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what is the MIC test?
answer
Minimum antibiotic concentration that inhibits all bacterial growth by using serial diluted antibiotic in a liquid state
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What is a disk diffusion test?
answer
you make a lawn of bacteria and add paper disks with chemicals
-the chemicals will diffuse into the medium
-the chemicals will diffuse into the medium
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contact transmission
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Transmission of an infectious agent by direct contact of the source or its reservoir with the host.
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index case
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the first patient found in an epidemiological investigation
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Which microorganism is teixobactin most effective?
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gram positive
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which microorganisms is teixobactin least effective?
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gram negative
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What is droplet transmission?
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This type occurs during exhaling, coughing, and sneezing.
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How is droplet transmission tested?
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•Destruction of the bacterial cells forms zones of clearing within the bacterial lawn.These zones of clearing are called plaques, and each plaque represents one viral particle. The number of plaques on
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mechanical disruption
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washing hands with water alone
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De-germing
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washing hands with SOAP (surfactant)
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why do we wash our hands in the hospital?
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Immunocompromised patients have increased susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens that may be present in a healthy individual's intestinal flora
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surfactant
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when added to a liquid, reduces its surface tension, thereby increasing its spreading and wetting properties (soap)
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why do we need to develop new antibiotics?
answer
antibiotic resistance
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From where are most clinical antibiotics derived?
answer
Most clinical antibiotics are "natural products".
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What is the major difficulty in screening soil microorganisms?
answer
we cannot grow most soil microorganism so there is no way to extract the compounds they produce, scientist design the ichip
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What is gram positive organism?
answer
strep
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what is a gram negative organism?
answer
E. coli
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What does teixobactin target?
answer
peptidoglycan
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what bacteria did we use during the toilet paper lab?
answer
•Bacillus subtilis var. globigii (non pathogenic/ bright orange colonies)
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When an organism's catalase test is positive, what does that mean the organism can do?
answer
The organism is capable of surviving in oxygen-rich environments! Catalase is produced to let the organism break down H202.
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Why are strict anaerobes unable to produce a positive result during this test?
answer
The strict anaerobes do not produce catalase, so when they are in oxygen rich environments they cannot survive
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what is specialized media?
answer
•It helps identify unknown species by taking advantage and testing differences in metabolic properties (selective and differential media)
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•What is differential media?
answer
the differences between bacterial species by including indicators
•Examples: Starch Hydrolysis Plates
•Examples: Starch Hydrolysis Plates
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obligate aerobe
answer
requires oxygen to survive
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obligate anaerobes
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organisms that cannot live where oxygen is present
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facultative
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can live with or without oxygen but grows better with
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aerotolerant
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do not utilize oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence
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Microaerophiles
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require oxygen concentration lower than air
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•In thioglycolate media, what does resazurin do?
answer
•Acts as an oxygen indicator by turning pink in the presence of oxygen and remaining colorless without.
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How does lysozyme break down bacteria?
answer
It breaks the NAG and NAM linkages within the cell wall, making the cell wall unstable
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How do we measure the amount of lysozymes in our body (tears/ saliva)?
answer
we use a bioassay to construct a standard curve
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•How does Phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) media select bacteria?
answer
gram positive; destructs the outer membrane of gram negative
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how does macconkey media select bacteria?
answer
gram negative
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How does a GasPak work?
answer
hydrogen is released and combines with free O2 to make H2O and CO2 is secreted to create to perfect anaerobic enviornment
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what specialized media is BOTH selective and differential?
answer
Mannitol Salt Agar
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what does the gram stain help us determine?
answer
gram positive or negative
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what is TSA media?
answer
not selective or differential provides growth for both
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What is MSA?
answer
It only grows organisms that can tolerate high salt concentrations, making it selective. It differentiates between organisms that can and cannot ferment mannitol.
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what is Simmons citrate media?
answer
it is selective media and can only grow organisms that can use citrate as a carbon source
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what is starch hydrolysis media?
answer
differential; all organisms will grow but when iodine is added, you can see what organism have been digested by starch
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MSA which plates are salt tolerant?
answer
the ones that have growth of a pathogen
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What color is PEA
answer
white
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what color is MAC
answer
red- blood agar
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important note on MSA
answer
if it doesn't grow and stays pink you CANNOT determine if it ferments manitol
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selective test for MSA growth? or no growth?
answer
growth= tolerant of salt no growth= intolerant of salt
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differential test for MSA yellow? red?
answer
yellow= (+) mannitol fermentation red= (-) mannitol fermentation
question
what type of media is citrate utilization
answer
selective media (streaking on slant)
question
what does the summon citrate slant contain?
answer
sole carbon source
question
citrate utilization test results
answer
(+) = growth, blue, citrate permease Ph >7.6
(-) = no growth, green, citrate permease Ph<6.9
(-) = no growth, green, citrate permease Ph<6.9
question
how is starch broken down?
answer
the enzyme amylase
question
what type of media is starch hydrolysis?
answer
differential
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starch hydrolysis results
answer
positive - clear halo
negative - no halo
negative - no halo
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what organisms produces urease? (clinical)
answer
helicobacter pylori
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Urease test results
answer
pink-positive pH > 7.4
yellow/orange- negative pH <6.8
yellow/orange- negative pH <6.8
question
what type of test is a catalase test?
answer
differential test
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How does the catalase test work?
answer
Observe for bubbling, which indicates a positive reaction
question
what does the enzyme catalase detoxifies H2O2?
answer
h2o (water) and O2 (oxygen)
question
many aerobic or anaerobic produce catalase?
answer
aerobic
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Catalase test results
answer
positive: bubbles
negative: no bubbles
negative: no bubbles
question
what step should NOT forget on a gram stain
answer
heat fix before staining
question
what type of test is phenol red broth?
answer
differential media
question
what is the tube that monitor gas production
answer
durham tube
question
carbohydrate fermentation test
answer
three test tubes with a pill inside
question
acid production for carb fermentation
answer
red color turns yellow if acidic (pH<6.8)
question
gas production for carb fermentation
answer
durham tube (resulting air bubble)
question
results for carb fermentation (yellow/pink)
answer
yellow= positive for fermentation of specific sugar
pink= negative for fermentation of specific sugar
pink= negative for fermentation of specific sugar
question
Results for Carbohydrate Fermentation (gas)
answer
air bubble: positive for gas production
no air bubble: negative for gas production
no air bubble: negative for gas production
question
what does the gas indicate in the durham tube?
answer
further fermentation
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What is the TSI test used for?
answer
test to see ferments glucose and/ or lactose and sucrose
question
what happens if the TSI media turns black on the butt?
answer
thiosulfate ion as the terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic conditions
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what will always been on the top of TSI test?
answer
sucrose and lactose
question
what will always been on the bottom of the TSI test?
answer
glucose
question
TSI results :yellow butt/yellow slant, yellow butt/pink slant, pink butt/ pink slant
answer
yellow butt/ yellow slant: (+) for fermentation of all three sugars
yellow butt/ pink slant: (+) fermentation only glucose
pink butt/ pink slant: (-) fermentation of all 3 sugars
yellow butt/ pink slant: (+) fermentation only glucose
pink butt/ pink slant: (-) fermentation of all 3 sugars
question
TSI results: bubbles/lifting/cracking
answer
cracks: (+) gas production
no cracks: (-) for gas production
no cracks: (-) for gas production
question
TSI results of black
answer
black: (+) for H2S production
no black: (-) for H2S production
no black: (-) for H2S production
question
what are the 2 main parts of the bacterial genome?
answer
bacterial chromosome and plasmid
question
are plasmid essential?
answer
no
question
when can bacteria uptake plasmid?
answer
when they are competent
question
how are plasmids transmitted?
answer
horizontal gene transfer
question
describe Chromosomal DNA
answer
circular, large, essential
question
describe plasmid DNA
answer
circular, small, non essential
question
what had to be done to ecoli before lab started?
answer
make e coli competent
question
what actually causes the competent e coli to take up the DNA?
answer
heat shock
question
what is the name of plasmid we are using?
answer
pGLO
question
what regulates the bla gene?
answer
constitutive promoter that is always active
question
what regulates the GFP protein?
answer
requires arabinose to be present
question
•How do we make non-competent bacteria uptake plasmids?
answer
chemical treatment and heat shock
question
what type of media is LB?
answer
complex
question
what type of test is EMB?
answer
selective and differential
question
how is EMB selective?
answer
only gram negative can grow
question
How is EMB differential?
answer
gram negative bacteria differentiated on ability to ferment lactose or sucrose
question
selective test EMB (growth or no growth)
answer
growth: gram-negative
no growth: gram positive
no growth: gram positive
question
differential test EMB (dark red or colorless)
answer
dark red/hot pink/ green: (+) for lactose/ sucrose fermentation
colorless: (-) for lactose/sucrose
colorless: (-) for lactose/sucrose
question
What should you remember with TSI slant?
answer
stab the butt
question
what is an antigen?
answer
a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body
question
what is an antibody?
answer
secreted form of an immune cell receptor that will bind to a specific antigen
question
What is precipitation?
answer
combination of antibody molecule with a soluble antigen
question
What is aggulation?
answer
clumping of blood
question
benefits of a rapid strep test?
answer
test is obtained faster
question
how does a strep test work?
answer
contains antibody again s progenies antigen
question
what does the Rh determine?
answer
positive or negative blood type
question
How does erythroblastosis fetalis happen?
answer
mom having second child who is Rh+ but mom is Rh-
question
How can that be prevented?
answer
the RhoGam drug
question
what is a covalent plasma?
answer
Plasma donated by people who have recovered from a specific disease
question
What must be considered with plasma donation?
answer
blood type
question
What is the universal donor?
answer
Type O
question
what is the universal recipient?
answer
AB
question
What is the Rh antigen?
answer
D antigen
question
What is erythroblastosis fetalis?
answer
Occurs when a pregnant mother's Rh negative antibodies cross the placenta and attack the RBCs of her unborn child.
question
What is media used for?
answer
blood agar
question
What is alpha hemolysis?
answer
partial hemolysis
question
What is Beta hemolysis?
answer
complete lysis of red blood cells
question
•What is Gamma hemolysis?
answer
no hemolysis
question
What is cytolytic activity?
answer
ability to lyse any cell
question
•What does the presence of beta hemolysis indicate on a throat culture plate?
answer
strep throat
question
what genera of bacteria are LAB?
answer
Streptococcus and Lactobacillus; Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus are the specific species
question
what types of bacteria are they? (yogurt)
answer
acidophilus and thermopiles
question
what happens during lactic acid fermentation? (yogurt)
answer
lactose is converted into lactic acid
question
acid byproducts (yogurt)
answer
prevent spoilage by microbes that are not acid-tolerant
question
what temperature does lactic acid fermentation?
answer
45 celcius
question
why do we use pasteurization with yogurt?
answer
to eliminate the pathogenic bacteria but not the good bacteria
question
which president donated 15 million dollars?
answer
bush
question
name of the organization (bending the arc)
answer
partners in health
question
what did she recommend to 12 year old girls?
answer
cervical cancer?
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