what is epidemiology?
- disease is not randomly distributed
- most cases of disease are multifactorial
- there are factors that lead to disease
- we can identify these factors and intervene on them
- descriptive
- associative
- causative
- what is having an effect on the population of interest?
- how is disease changing over time/space?
- what affects health (exposures)?
- what exposures are related to what outcomes?
- what characteristics are associated with outcomes?
- is the association greater than expected by chance?
- are identified relationships causal?
- what other factors could contribute or distort the relationship?
- primary prevention
- secondary prevention
- tertiary prevention
- father of medicine and the first epidemiologist
- idea that disease might be associated with physical environment
- introduced the terms 'endemic' and 'epidemic'
- the father of occupational medicine
- observed that different occupations were associated with different diseases
- designed first experiments to use a concurrently treated control group
- found that oranges and lemons were the most effective remedies for scurvy at sea
- jenner made observations on milkmaids who got cowpox and not smallpox.
- invented a vaccine for smallpox based on cowpox
- pioneered clinical trials for vaccination to control spread of smallpox
- noted the unequal distribution of deaths among mothers in the different clinics
- pioneered hand washing to help prevent the spread of septic infections in mothers following birth
- father of epidemiology
- careful mapping of cholera cases, traced source to a single well on broad street
- used statistics to show that improved sanitation reduced death rates in hospitals
- lobbied for health care reforms and sanitary systems
- mary mallon, a cook responsible for famous outbreaks of typhoid fever, recognized as carrier during 1904 N.Y. typhoid fever epidemic, source of disease was traced by george soper.
- ethics of quarantine - responsibility of carriers
- injury and violence
- social determinants of health
- genetic and molecular epidemiology
- refocus on global infectious disease
- suicide
- domestic violence
- gun violence
- car accidents
- drowning
- sports injuries
- neighborhood and built environment
- health and health care
- social and community context
- education
- economic stability
- genetic influence on disease
- understanding disease process/pathways
- gene by environment interactions
- ebola
- HIV/AIDS
- SARS/MERS
- COVID-19
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