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Host
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An organism on/in which a parasite lives.
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Parasite
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An organism that feeds on a living host
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Colonization
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growth in host without disease
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Infection
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growth in host with disease
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Disease
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injury to host due to infection
subclinical = asymptomatic
subclinical = asymptomatic
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Obligate Pathogen
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always causes disease
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opportunistic pathogen
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cause disease un certain circumstances
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Pathogenicity
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ability to cause disease
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Virulence
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degree of pathogenicity
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Outside the body
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nose - respiratory tract
mouth to anus
urinary tract and female genitals
mouth to anus
urinary tract and female genitals
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Normal Flora
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compete with pathogens for space and nutrients
produce products that inhibit pathogens
synthesize vitamins for host
stimulate development of immune tissues
occupy nearly all skin and mucus membrane surface
produce products that inhibit pathogens
synthesize vitamins for host
stimulate development of immune tissues
occupy nearly all skin and mucus membrane surface
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Cells in the body
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10^13 human cells
10^14 bacterial cells
10^14 bacterial cells
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Microflora of the skin
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1st line of defense: dry, acidic, and salty
flora is dependent upon weather, age hygiene
anaerobes grow in hair follicles and sebaceous fluids
skin flora is dominated by gram-positive cocci
flora is dependent upon weather, age hygiene
anaerobes grow in hair follicles and sebaceous fluids
skin flora is dominated by gram-positive cocci
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Microflora of respiratory tract/oral cavity
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transient organisms trapped during breathing and expelled with nasal secretions
common: Staphylococci and Streptococci
dental caries and acid (fermentation products): streptococcus mutans
anaerobes outnumber aerobes
common: Staphylococci and Streptococci
dental caries and acid (fermentation products): streptococcus mutans
anaerobes outnumber aerobes
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Streptococcus mutans
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utilizes sucrose to produce a polysaccharide for adherence to tooth surface
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Lower Respiratory tract
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trachea, bronchi and lungs have few bacteria
airborne/inhaled organisms trapped in upper regions, removed by ciliated epithelium
other clearance mechanisms include: cough reflex and alveolar macrophages
airborne/inhaled organisms trapped in upper regions, removed by ciliated epithelium
other clearance mechanisms include: cough reflex and alveolar macrophages
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Disruption of Gastrointestinal Microflora
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use of antibiotics can disrupt the normal flora, allowing less desirable, and potentially pathogenic species to become dominant
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C. difficile
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normal gut inhabitant for most
post-surgical and chemotherapy patients often develop CDAD
hospital C. difficile strains tend to produce more toxins and be more antibiotic resistant
post-surgical and chemotherapy patients often develop CDAD
hospital C. difficile strains tend to produce more toxins and be more antibiotic resistant
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Vitamin synthesis
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thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, B12, K
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Amino acid synthesis
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asparagine, glutamate, methionine, tryptophan, lysine, and others
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Gas production
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CO2, CH4, H2
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Odor production
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H2S, NH3, amines, indole, skatole, butyric acid
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Organic acid production
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acetic, propionic, butyric acids
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Glycosidase reactions
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beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase, alpha-glucosidase, alpha-galactosidase
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Steroid Metabolism
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esterified, dehydroxylated, oxidized, or reduced steroids
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Genitourinary flora
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the upper urethra is generally sterile
the flushing action of urine keeps bladder clear
anterior urethra and vagina can become colonized with Gram - facultative organisms
estrogen production alters the pH and flora of vagina
the flushing action of urine keeps bladder clear
anterior urethra and vagina can become colonized with Gram - facultative organisms
estrogen production alters the pH and flora of vagina
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Change in vaginal flora
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pre-puberty and post-menopause has staphylococci, streptococci, and enterobacteria (not great)
during fertile years, pH is lower and lactobacilli predominate (healthiest)
during fertile years, pH is lower and lactobacilli predominate (healthiest)
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