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microorganisms
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Small, living organisms not visible to the naked eye
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Pathogens
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Microorganisms that cause disease states
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Non-pathogens
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Microorganisms that do not cause disease
May be beneficial
May be beneficial
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Bacteria
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Free-living, single celled organism
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Virus
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Intracellular organism, incapable of reproducing outside of the cell
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Prion
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Infectious agent composed of proteinaceous material
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Fungi
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Eukaryotic organisms, single or multicellular, often found in soil or on plant matter
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Protozoa
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Single celled organisms, often colonizing moist environments
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Pathogenesis
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Ability of a microbe to produce disease
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True pathogens
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organisms able to cause disease in a healthy immune-competent individual
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Opportunistic pathogens
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organisms that cause disease in immune-compromised individuals
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Virulence
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Relative ability of a microorganism to cause disease or the degree of pathogenicity
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Saprophytes
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Free-living organism that grows on dead or decaying organic material
Generally unable to produce disease
Generally unable to produce disease
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Parasites
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Survive on living host & derive nutrition from the host without any benefit to the host
Cannot survive independently
Cannot survive independently
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Commensal Parasite
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harmless parasite
Derive nutrition from the host without changing the host state
Survive on secretions & waste products of the host
Constitute normal microbial flora
Derive nutrition from the host without changing the host state
Survive on secretions & waste products of the host
Constitute normal microbial flora
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Pathogen
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harmful parasite
Microorganism that derives nutrition from the host while causing a disease state
Require complex organic substances for nutrition
Microorganism that derives nutrition from the host while causing a disease state
Require complex organic substances for nutrition
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Ectoparasite
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live on the surface of a host
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Endoparasite
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live inside a host
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Obligate parasite
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cannot exist without a host
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Facultative parasite
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may exist without a host
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Physical barriers to infection
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Intact, healthy skin
Stratified & cornified epithelium
Normal microbial flora
Low pH
Stratified & cornified epithelium
Normal microbial flora
Low pH
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physical Ocular defense mechanisms
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Intact epithelium
Low conjunctival & corneal temperature
Conjunctival lymphoid elements
Low conjunctival & corneal temperature
Conjunctival lymphoid elements
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Cleansing mechanisms
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Sloughing of outer skin layer
Bodily fluids
Bodily fluids
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Ocular cleansing mechanisms
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Normal lid/tear film function
Wash away debris / microbes
Contain IgA & lysozyme
Wash away debris / microbes
Contain IgA & lysozyme
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• Enzymes
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Lysozyme
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Antibodies
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IgA
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β-lysins
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Low molecular weight cationic proteins
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Normal microbial flora
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Prevent colonization by organisms by blocking sites & nutrients
Production of bacteriocin: Proteinaceous toxins that inhibit growth of similar bacteria
Production of metabolic by-products creating a harmful microenvironment
Production of bacteriocin: Proteinaceous toxins that inhibit growth of similar bacteria
Production of metabolic by-products creating a harmful microenvironment
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Phagocytosis
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Chemotaxis
Attachment
Ingestion
Killing
Elimination
Attachment
Ingestion
Killing
Elimination
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Inflammation / Immune response
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Bodies response to injury or foreign body
Accumulation of a large number of phagocytic cells
Accumulation of a large number of phagocytic cells
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Microbial resistance factors to host defenses
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Ability to resist phagocytosis
Surface structures
Intracellular survival & proliferation
Production of toxins & enzymes
Surface structures
Intracellular survival & proliferation
Production of toxins & enzymes
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Ability to resist phagocytosis
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Masks the cell surface structures
No recognition as a foreign substance occurs
Release of cytotoxic chemicals
Inhibit chemotaxis
No recognition as a foreign substance occurs
Release of cytotoxic chemicals
Inhibit chemotaxis
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Surface structures
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Adhesins - structures that mediate adherence of microbe to the host cell
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Invasion
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Ability to penetrate & grow in tissues
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Dissemination
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Spread of organisms to a distant site
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Toxins
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Poisonous substances produced by organisms to interact with host cells, disrupting normal
metabolism and cause harm
metabolism and cause harm
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Exotoxins
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Produced by gram (+) & (-) bacteria
Secreted by organism into extracellular environment or by cell lysis
Allow direct spread of microorganism
Production of enzymes to aid in microbial spread
Secreted by organism into extracellular environment or by cell lysis
Allow direct spread of microorganism
Production of enzymes to aid in microbial spread
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• Endotoxins
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Gram (-) bacteria only
No enzymatic activity
No specificity in their activity against the host
No enzymatic activity
No specificity in their activity against the host
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Adhesion
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Adhesins
Fimbriae (pili)
• Facilitate adherence of microbe to host cells
Fimbriae (pili)
• Facilitate adherence of microbe to host cells
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Primary infection
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First infection by a microorganism
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Reinfection
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Subsequent infection by same organism
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