question
Name the 3 species of Staph you need to identify.
answer
S. Aureas, S. Epidermidis, S. Saprophyticus
question
What can all Staph destroy?
answer
Peroxide
question
Give the chemical reaction for the catalase test
answer
H2O2 --> 2H2O+O2
question
Why is H2O2 not good for booboos?
answer
S. epidermidis is found on the skin, for bite wounds, strep is found in the mouth and H2O2 cant kill the strep
question
The result for a positive catalase test is -------
answer
bubbles
question
A negative result for a catalase test means there are --------
answer
no bubbles
question
What test differentiates Staph from other species of bacteria? In general
answer
Catalase
question
------ gives a positive catalase test
answer
Staph
question
----- gives a negative catalase test
answer
Not staph
question
Where is S. epidermidis found?
answer
Skin
question
Define opportunistic pathogen
answer
A pathogen that usually does no harm, but given the opportunity to do harm by getting into the body it will
question
Is S. epidermidis an opportunistic pathogen?
answer
Yes
question
S. Epidermidis is part of the ----- ------ on your skin
answer
Normal Flora
question
S . Saprophyticus is normal flora in humans. True?False
answer
False
question
What bacteria is the #2 cause for UTIs in young women?
answer
S. Saprophyticus
question
What usually transmits S. Saprophyticus to humans so they can get UTI's?
answer
Condoms with spermicide
question
Is S.aureas found normally? And if so when?
answer
yes, if you carry it
question
Where is S.Aureas carried? 2 places
answer
nasal passages,skin
question
Is S. Aureas an opportunistic pathogen?
answer
Yes
question
S. aureas produces ------ and ----
answer
toxins, enzymes
question
Name the five toxins that S. aureas produces
answer
hemolysin, leukocidin, hyaluronidase, staphlokinase, coagulase
question
What does hemolysin do?
answer
It lyses RBCs
question
Hemolysin is ------- hemolytic
answer
beta
question
Describe the function of leukocidin
answer
destroys WBCs
question
--------- is the ----- that s. aureas produces that destroys tissues
answer
hyaluronidase, enzyme
question
What is Staphylokinase? What does it do?
answer
enzyme, destroys fibrin clots
question
Coagulase is an ----- that ----- plasma
answer
enzyme, coagulates
question
Blood clotting is the function of -----
answer
Coagulase
question
What tests are used to detect S. Aureas? 2
answer
Coagulase, Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA)
question
----- will give a positive coagulase test
answer
S. aureas
question
other strains of staph besides s. aureas will give a ----- coagulase test
answer
negative
question
Define selective media. what can it be used for?
answer
media that has certain ingredients in it to keep certain organisms from growing, to keep things you don't want growing from growin
question
Define differential media. What is it used for?
answer
Media that contains products used by specific microorganisms. When the products are consumed you see a physical change, to separate out different types of bacteria
question
Give an example of a physical change that can be caused by differential media
answer
color change
question
MSA stands for
answer
Mannitol Salt Agar
question
MSA is a ----- and ----- media
answer
selective, differential
question
The selective media in MSA is ------
answer
high salt concentration
question
The differential media in MSA is ----
answer
Mannitol
question
Mannitol is a type of ----
answer
sugar
question
The --- ---- for the microoraganisms in MSA is mannitol
answer
food source
question
If the microorganisms consume the mannitol in MSA what color does the plate turn?
answer
Yellow
question
What color does S. Aureas turn MSA>
answer
Golden Yellow
question
What color does S. epidermidis turn MSA?
answer
red
question
What color does S. Saprophyticus turn MSA?
answer
red or yellow
question
What test is used to differentiate S. epidermidis from S. Saprophyticus
answer
Novobiocin test
question
The method used in a Nocobiocin test is the ----- ---- method
answer
Kirby Bauer
question
----- is the chemical on the disc for the Novobiocin test
answer
novobiocin
question
Nocobiocin is an ----
answer
antibiotic
question
S. saprophyticus is ------ to novobiocin
answer
resistant
question
s. epidermidis is ---- to novobiocin
answer
sensitive
question
-- --- ---- is used to isolate bacteria
answer
streak plate method
question
define isolated colonies
answer
a colony that grows from a single cell, not touching any other colonies
question
Staph and strep are gram ----
answer
postive
question
Staph grows in ---
answer
clusters
question
Strep grows in
answer
chains
question
The agar that Strep grows on is called ---- ---- ----
answer
Blood agar plate
question
Give the abbreviation for Blood agar plate
answer
BAP
question
Blood Agar plate is used to grow
answer
strep
question
What type of blood is added to blood agar plates?
answer
sheep or rabbit
question
enrichment media
answer
media that has chemicals added to promote the growth of one type of bacteria
question
some organisms grow better with ---- -----
answer
added ingredients
question
Media that has added ingredients is called
answer
enrichment media
question
define fastidious organisms
answer
picky organisms that only like to grow in certain media
question
Are fastidious organsims easy or hard to grow>
answer
hard
question
Differential media is used to -------- or ------ the different types of bacteria from one another
answer
differentiate, separate
question
Define hemolysis
answer
how bacteria interact with blood cells
question
Name the 3 types of hemolysis
answer
beta, gamma, alpha
question
Gamma is also known as ----- hemolytic
answer
non
question
Non hemolytic organism are also called ---- hemolytic
answer
gamma
question
alpha is also known as ----- hemolysis
answer
partial
question
Partial hemolytic organisms are called ---- hemolytic
answer
alpha
question
Total hemolysis is called -----
answer
beta
question
Define partial hemolysis (alpha)
answer
partially degrade the hemoglobin in red blood cells, green in color
question
Define gamma hemolysis
answer
no interaction with the RBCs
question
Define beta hemolysis
answer
clears blood cells away
question
What hemolysis is more pathogenic?
answer
beta
question
What color is gamma hemolysis?
answer
red
question
What color is alpha hemolysis?
answer
green
question
What color is beta hemolysis?
answer
clear
question
Name the 3 species of strep you need to know
answer
S. pneumonaie, s. pyogenes, s. agalaciate
question
Where is s. pneumoniae normally found?
answer
Throat swabs
question
If s. pneumoniae is found in ------ this is ---- normal
answer
sputum, not
question
What are the 3 things that s. pneumoniae can cause?
answer
bacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis
question
S. pneumoniae is --- hemolytic
answer
alpha
question
What 2 tesst are used for s. pneumoniae infection?
answer
Optichin, Quellung
question
What do you look for in an optichin test?
answer
Zone of inhibition
question
Is s. pneumoniae sensitive or resistant to an optichin test?
answer
sensitive
question
s. pnuemoniae has an ----- ----
answer
outer capsule
question
The capsule on s. pneumoniae has a....
answer
slime layer
question
The slime layer on the capsule of s. pneumoniae prevents
answer
phagocytosis
question
Quellung is german for ----
answer
Swelling
question
What type of reaction is the Quellung test?
answer
Ag/Ab reaction
question
What does the quelling test react with on s. pneumo?
answer
a specific antigen (ag) on the outside of the capsule
question
The ----- around the s. pneumoniae cell is the ---- in a quellung test
answer
halo, capsule
question
The ----- of the capsule on s. pneumoniae ------ when treated with ------ ----- for a quellung test
answer
outside, swells, pneumococcal antiserum
question
S. pyogenes causes --- ---- and --- ---
answer
strep throat, necrotizing fasciitis
question
Another name for strep throat is --- ----
answer
streptococcal pharyngitis
question
Give another name for strep throat
answer
streptococcal pharyngitis
question
S. pyogenes is ----- hemolytic
answer
beta
question
What group of strep is pyogenic?
answer
s. pyogenes
question
Define pyogenic
answer
pus producing
question
s. pyogenes is ------
answer
pyogenic
question
With s. pyogenes what does the throat look like?
answer
red, coated with pus
question
Necrotizing fasciitis is a --- --- disease
answer
flesh eating
question
S. pyogenes is called group ---- strep
answer
A
question
Group A strep is ----- -----
answer
s. pyogenes
question
Why is s. pyogenes called group A strep?
answer
A antigen on surface of cell wall
question
What tests seperates group A from Group B strep?
answer
Bacitracin, PYR
question
S. pyogenes is ---- to a bacitracin test
answer
senstive
question
s. agalactiae is ----to a bacitracin test
answer
resistant
question
Group B strep is also called - ------
answer
S. agalactiae
question
S. Agalactiae is also called ---- ---- strep
answer
Group B
question
Where is S. Agalactiae found?
answer
Vaginal tract of women
question
Who is S. agalactiae dangerous to?
answer
babies in the birth canal
question
What do they give a pregnant women who is cultured with S. agalaciate?
answer
antibiotics during labor
question
Why is S. agalactiae called group b strep?
answer
b antigen on cell wall
question
S. agalactiae is ---- hemolytic
answer
beta
question
PYR is an -------- produced by bacteria
answer
enzyme
question
a PYR tests uses ----- to look for a --- ---
answer
discs, color change
question
a positive PYR test turns the disc---
answer
red/purple
question
a negative PYR test turns the disc----
answer
white/clear
question
Group A strep is ----- for a PYR test
answer
positive
question
Group B strep is --- for a PYR test
answer
negative
question
Name the other 3 species of bacteria you need to know
answer
Enterococcus sp., Haemophilus sp., bordatella pertusis
question
Enterococcus used to be called --- --- strep
answer
Group D
question
Group D strep used to be another name for ---
answer
enterococcus
question
Where is Enterococcus sp. usually found?
answer
in the intestins and respiratory tracts of infants and young children
question
What is a species within Enterecoccus that can cause medical problems?
answer
VRE
question
What does VRE stand for?
answer
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus
question
Where is VRE commonly seen?
answer
surgical wounds, UTIs
question
VRE wasn't seen until after the year
answer
1989
question
by the year------, ----- of all infections in the ----- are
answer
2004, 1/3, ICU
question
What do you use to test for VRE?
answer
Bile Esculin Agar
question
Bile Esculin Agar is ----- and ----
answer
selective, differential
question
The selective media in Bile Esculin Agar is ----
answer
Bile and Salt
question
The differential media in Bile Esculin Agar is ----
answer
Esculin
question
Esculin is a -----
answer
carbohydrate
question
The agar will turn ----- in an Bile Esculin Agar test if ----- is present
answer
black, enterococcus
question
What will not grow in Bile Esculin Agar?
answer
streptococcus
question
Name all the strains of strep that are alpha hemolytic
answer
s. pneumoniae
question
Name the 2 strains of strep that are beta hemolytic
answer
s. pyogenes, s. agalactiae
question
Name the species that is gamma hemolytic
answer
enterococcus
question
S. pyogenes is PYR ---
answer
positive
question
S. agalactiae is PYR----
answer
negative
question
Haemophilus sp. is Gram----
answer
negative
question
A gram negative species is ---
answer
haemophilus
question
haemophilus is ---- ---- of the ----- tract
answer
normal flora, respiratory
question
haemophilis is an opportunistic pathogen, y or n
answer
Yes
question
Is haemophilus fastidious?
answer
Yes
question
Haemophilus is a ---- organism
answer
fastidious
question
Name the 2 fastidious organsms
answer
streptococcus, haemophilus
question
What can haemophilus grow on?
answer
Chocolate agar
question
Chocolate agar is used to grow ----
answer
haemophilus
question
Name the 2 components of chocolate agar
answer
cooked/heated blood, hemin x factor
question
What 3 things does x factor do?
answer
needed for growth, helps stability, hemoglobin
question
a vaccine used to protect against meningitis is the ---- vaccine
answer
HIB
question
Meningitis can be caused by --- --- -- -
answer
Haemophilus Influenza type B
question
The CA of whooping cough is --- ---
answer
Bordatella pertussis
question
Bordatella pertussis is a ----- ---- ----
answer
gram - rod
question
What does bordatella pertussis look like?
answer
common cold
question
Is bordatella pertussis contagious?
answer
yes
question
There is a ----- for ----- pertussis
answer
vaccine, bordatella
question
The vaccine for --- ---- is not --- ---
answer
bordatella pertussis, lifelong
question
What 2 types of agar will bordatella pertussis grow on?
answer
Bordet Gengou Agar, Regan Lowe Agar
question
What is Bordet Gengou agar made of>
answer
blood, potato, glycerine
question
What is regan lowe agar made of?
answer
charcoal/blood agar
question
What will bordatella pertussis colonies look like on Bordet Gengou agar?
answer
Shiny silver beads
question
What will bordatella pertussis colonies look like on reagen lowe agar?
answer
round, domed, run together
question
Regan Lowe agar and Bordet Gengou agar are the 2 agars that ---- ---- can grow on
answer
Bordatella pertussis
question
Name the 4 advantages of nonculture techniques
answer
don't have to culture, less time, just as accurate, can detect fastidious organisms
question
Give the 2 types of nonculture techniques
answer
immunoassays, nucleic acid testing
question
immunoassays and nucleic acid testing the 2 types of ---- ----
answer
nonculture technique
question
What do immunoassays do?
answer
detect antigens
question
What does nucleic acid testing do?
answer
detect DNA or RNA
question
Define antigen
answer
things found in/on cells, that when introduced to an animal will produce antibodies
question
Antigens are found------, and will make animals produce -----
answer
on cells, antibodies
question
Antigens are ------ to the ----
answer
foreign, body
question
give 4 examples of antigens
answer
whole cells, cell walls, capsules, flagella
question
What are antibodies?
answer
Proteins produced by the body to destroy antigens.
question
Antibodies a ------ for attacking the -----
answer
specific, antigen
question
Antibodies are ----- produced by the ---- to attack ----
answer
proteins, body, antigen
question
Name the 3 types of Immunoassays
answer
immunofluorescence, latex agglunation, EIA
question
What does EIA stand for?
answer
Enzyme Immunoassay
question
All immunoassays must have a ---- tagged to the ----
answer
marker, antibody
question
What is a monoclonal Ab
answer
only will react with part of the ag
question
We need to add a ----- or ----- to -----reactions for us to ---- the reaction
answer
marker, tag, immunoassay, see
question
Immunofluorescence, latex agglunation and EIA are the 3 types of ----
answer
Immunoessays
question
Immunoessay tests detect----
answer
antigens
question
In Immunofluorescnece antibodies are labeled with a --- ----
answer
fluorescent dye
question
What is the fluorescent dye used in immunofluorescence called?
answer
fluroscence
question
The piece of equipment that is needed for an immunofluorescence test is a ----------
answer
fluorescent microscope
question
The fluorescent microscope for immnofluorescent tests needs to be fitted with these 2 things
answer
UV illuminator, special filters
question
Is immunofluorescence fast?
answer
Yes
question
Name one drawback for immunofluorescence testing
answer
expensive
question
What gives a positive immunofluorescence test?
answer
organisms fluoresce
question
Immunofluorescence is used to diagnose infections with these 3 things
answer
viruses, bacteria, protozoa
question
In latex agglunation, Ab is attached to --- ---
answer
latex particles
question
what does latex do in latex agglunation?
answer
makes Ab bigger so we can see the reaction
question
Define agglunation
answer
to clump togethr
question
What agglunates in latex agglunation?
answer
Ag and Ab
question
There is a special ----- to look for --- ----
answer
kit, s. aureas
question
What Ag does s. aureas have/.
answer
protein A
question
What does protein A do for s. aureas?
answer
allows bacteria to produce coagulase
question
What does MRSA stand for
answer
Menthicillin resitant Staph aureas
question
Menticillin resistant staph aureas is abbreviated as ---
answer
MRSA
question
name the 2 types of MRSA
answer
hospital acquired, community acquired
question
---- is the #1 cause of skin infection in the US
answer
MRSA
question
What is the #1 cause of skin infection in the US?
answer
MRSA
question
The gene in ---- that makes it resistant to menthicillin is ------
answer
MRSA, mecA
question
What does mecA produce?
answer
PBP 2A protein
question
What test detects PbP 2A?
answer
Latex Agglunation
question
Name the 2 tests for MRSA
answer
Latex Agglunation, Kirby bauer
question
Name the 2 most common enzyme immunoassay tests
answer
rapid strep test, ELISA
question
What do you look for in an enzyme immunoassay test?
answer
color change
question
What is the ab attached to in an enzyme immunoassay test? What is added to it?
answer
enzyme, substrate
question
Name the 2 chemicals most commonly involved in an enzyme immunoassay test.
answer
alkaline phosphate, horseradish peroxidase
question
What does alkaline phosphate and horseradish peroxidase do>
answer
catalyzes the breakdown of a colorless substrate to a colored end product
question
What does ELISA stand for?
answer
Enzyme linked Immunosorbant Assay
question
What is the most common ELISA?
answer
Ab sandwich
question
Describe the Ab sandwich
answer
1. known antibody for disease is put on bottom of plate
2. add antigen to middle
3. add known antibody on top of antigen
4. Put enzyme on top
2. add antigen to middle
3. add known antibody on top of antigen
4. Put enzyme on top
question
Name the 2 nucleic acid procedures
answer
PCR, Probe Assay
question
What does PCR stand for
answer
Polymerase chain reaction
question
Name the 4 ingredients in PCR
answer
DNA, Primers, Taq polymerase, separate bases
question
Where does Taq polymerase come from?
answer
Thermus aquaticus
question
Thermus aquaticus comes from where/.
answer
hot springs in yellowstone
question
Why is thermos aquaticus used in PCR?
answer
It can withstand high temperatures
question
Name the 4 bases to DNA
answer
adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
question
Define primers
answer
Short dna pieces that are specific to an organim
question
name the three steps of a PCR
answer
separation, primers attach, extension
question
describe separation in a PCR
answer
very high temperatures separate the DNA strands into 2 pieces
question
describe primers attach in a pcr
answer
cooler temp allows small dna pieces to attach to specific dna segments
question
describe extension
answer
creation of new complimentary strands
question
What piece of equipment is used in a PCR
answer
thermocycler
question
How long does a PCR take?
answer
several hours
question
Primers are ---- to known ------ in bacteria
answer
specific, bases
question
PCR ---- DNA
answer
amplifies
question
Define amplify
answer
take small amounts of dna to make larger amounts
question
What is a probe assay?
answer
taking pcr one step further
question
Name some organsims probe assays are used for
answer
Bordatella pertussis, m. tuberculosis
question
How do you do a probe assay?
answer
Southern Blot
question
What do you use in a Probe Assay?
answer
known DNA with a marker
question
Why should you do a probe assay?
answer
Excellent for fastidious organism
question
Probe assays are great for --- ----
answer
fastidious organisms
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