question
All of the following are good indications of a pathogenicity island in microbial chromosome EXCEPT
answer
presence of RNA nucleotides
question
The alpha toxin of S. aureus have similar effect on human cells as the antibiotic ______ on gram negative bacteria
answer
gramicidin
question
Based on your knowledge of microbial genetics, where do you think the genetic info for endotoxins is?
answer
chromosomes
question
Based on your knowledge of microbial genetics, where do you think is/are the likely location/s of the genetic info for E. coli shiga exotoxins?
answer
plasmids, chromosomes, and phage genome
question
Why is antibiotic treatment of gram negative bacteria not always a good idea?
answer
it can result in release of endotoxin
question
The ability to survive in the harsh environment of the phagolysosome is a virulence factor produced by:
answer
Coxiella burnetti
question
What type of toxin is the Shiga toxin of E. coli?
answer
protein synthesis inhibitor
question
What's the virulence factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
answer
type 2 secretion system
question
What's the virulence factor of Yersinia pestis?
answer
type 3 secretion system
question
What's the virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis?
answer
type 4 secretion system
question
What's the virulence factor of S. aureus?
answer
protein A
question
All of the following are bacterial structures responsible for attachment to the host cells or structures EXCEPT
answer
LPS of E. coli
question
What's the virulence factor of Streptococcus progenes?
answer
M protein
question
What's the virulence factor of S. aureus?
answer
alpha toxin
question
What's the virulence factor of E. coli?
answer
shiga-like toxin
question
What's the virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae?
answer
capsule
question
What's the virulence factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
answer
multi drug resistance
question
Match the organism with the disease- S. aureus
answer
scalded skin syndrome
question
Match the organism with the disease- Yersinia pestis
answer
bubonic plague
question
Match the organism with the disease- Plasmodium falciparum
answer
cerebral malaria
question
Match the organism with the disease- Treponema palladium
answer
syphilis
question
Match the organism with the disease- Streptococcus pyogenes
answer
necrotizing fasciitis
question
A man has been taking an excessive amount of antacids for heartburn. Which innate defense mechanism might be altered by his actions?
answer
increase in the pH of stomach acid and exposes himself to more GI tract infection
question
A patient came to you with complaint of severe respiratory tract infection accompanied with productive cough. After you collected a sputum sample, you failed to gram stain the organism. You succeed in staining them using an acid fast stain and took an image. Which structure do they possess that contributes to their virulence?
answer
mycolic acids
question
Which secretion system does salmonella use for its pathogenesis?
answer
type 3 secretion system
question
Which secretion system does bordetella pertussis use for its pathogenesis?
answer
type 4 secretion system
question
Thick polysaccharide capsules are important virulence assets for which species?
answer
Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumonia
question
Innate immunity involves all of the following EXCEPT
answer
production of antibodies to bidn specific pathogen proteins
question
Opsonization is a process whereby innate and adaptive immunity work together to...
answer
phagocytize an invader
question
Which body sites are colonized by normal microbiota?
answer
lungs, stomach, small intestines, and urinary bladder
question
Under what circumstances can microbiota cause disease?
answer
-if the microbiota at the specific site out compete introduced pathogens for attachment to host receptors and food sources
-can cause disease when they accidentally penetrate beyond their normal flora sites
-can cause disease when they accidentally penetrate beyond their normal flora sites
question
How do the lungs avoid being colonized?
answer
-the lungs are protected by alveolar macrophages that ingest and kill pathogens that make it past the ciliary elevator
-by using a mechanism called the mucociliary escalator to avoid being colonized
-by using a mechanism called the mucociliary escalator to avoid being colonized
question
You are a public health official investigating an outbreak of Salmonella. To detect current cases you choose to examine a patient's blood for the ______ antibody class.
answer
IgM
question
In adaptive immunity, the term "clonal selection" best refers to the
answer
ability of specific B-cell subsets to proliferate and produce antibodies upon exposure to a specific epitope
question
Which of the following statements about MHC class II molecules are true?
answer
-they're found only on antigen presenting cells
-they present extracellular antigens
-they present extracellular antigens
question
Which of the following can be used to make vaccines?
answer
-killed microorganisms
-mRNA that codes for an antigen
-purified components of microorganisms
-live, attenuated microorganisms
-mRNA that codes for an antigen
-purified components of microorganisms
-live, attenuated microorganisms
question
A life-threatening repeated lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients is mainly due to...
answer
thick, sticky buildup of mucus
question
Thick polysaccharide capsules are important virulence assets for...
answer
Neisseria meningitides and Steptococcus pneumonia
question
Which of the bacteria are known to use M-protein for attachment and results in serious skin tissue infection?
answer
Streptococcus pyogenes
question
Consider two isolates, A and B. Microbe A had an LD50 of 5 x 10⁴, while microbe B recorded an LD50 of 5 x 10⁷. Which isolate is more virulent?
answer
microbe A
question
What type of toxin is the Shiga toxin of E. coli?
answer
protein synthesis inhibitor
question
Based on your knowledge of microbial genetics and microbial pathogenesis, where do you think the genetic information for endotoxins are located?
answer
chromosomes
question
Exotoxins
answer
are protein toxins made by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
question
Virulence factor of Treponema palladium
answer
motility
question
Virulence factor of S. aureus
answer
alpha toxin
question
Virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori
answer
urease
question
Virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae
answer
capsule
question
Virulence factor of Clostridium tetani
answer
neurotoxin
question
Individuals with cystic fibrosis suffer repeated lung infections specifically with
answer
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
question
Most bacterial infections of the GI tract are treated with
answer
water and electrolytes
question
A 25-year-old man presented with fever, malaise, and rash on his chest, arms, and feet. The patient also reported that he had an ulcer on his penis two months earlier. Which STI is the most likely diagnosis?
answer
Treponema palladium
question
Which of the following is NOT correctly paired?
answer
Yersinia pestis - Lyme disease
question
Which of the following is NOT matched correctly?
answer
Bacillus anthracis- capsule
question
Which of the following statements regarding tuberculosis is TRUE?
answer
not all TB infected individuals experience symptoms
question
Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea is usually caused by
answer
extended use of antibiotics
question
All of the following are true about Mycobacterium tuberculosis EXCEPT
answer
its main virulence factor is an exotoxin
question
The ability to survive in the harsh environment of the phagolysosome is virulence factor produced by...
answer
Coxiella burnetti
question
The toxin of _____ consists of two active toxins: an edema factor and a lethal factor
answer
Bacilius anthracis
question
Cholera toxin results in
answer
increase of the level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
question
What was Domoagk's contribution to antimicrobial therapies?
answer
discovered sulfa drugs
question
Which of the following is not a requirement for antibiotics?
answer
Antibiotic must not cause allergies
question
A broad spectrum antibiotic does what?
answer
works to kill many pathogenic species
question
What is the name for the lowest concentration of antibiotic that prevents growth?
answer
MIC
question
Which of the following are antibiotics that target the cell wall?
answer
penicillin and vancomycin
question
(T/F) Peptidoglycan synthesis utilizes both transglycosylases and transpeptidases
answer
true
question
(T/F) Vancomycin works against only Gram-negative organisms
answer
false
question
If sulfa drugs targets folic acid synthesis, how are humans not affected, as we too need folic acid?
answer
we receive it from our diet
question
Antibiotics that inhibit transcription are ______ and most active against ______ bacteria.
answer
bactericidal :: growing
question
Which drugs affect the 30S subunit of a ribosome?
answer
Streptomycin and doxycyline
question
Amantidine and Zanamivir target what type of pathogen?
answer
viruses
question
Antibiotics can be ______-borne or part of the ______.
answer
plasmid :: chromosome
question
Which is not a mechanism of antibiotic resistance?
answer
capture and store antibiotic
question
Which of the following is not an example of a strategy to fight drug resistance?
answer
increase concentration of antibiotics used
question
What is the term for how easily an organism spreads and causes disease?
answer
infectivity
question
(T/F) A lower LD50 means a more virulent pathogen
answer
true
question
Which are not aspects of pathogenicity islands?
answer
originally inherited through vertical transmission
question
What type of adhesion sticks to mannose residues?
answer
type 1 pili
question
What damages cell membranes?
answer
alpha toxin
question
The edema factor and lethal factor are both part of which subunit of anthrax toxin?
answer
A
question
Which part of the cholera toxin binds to intestinal cell membranes and triggers endocytosis of the cholera toxin?
answer
B
question
What are symptoms of Lipid A release?
answer
fever, shock, and death
question
What's not a disease caused by S. aureus?
answer
conjunctivitis
question
What microorganism is the cause of necrotizing fasciitis, cellulitis, and rheumatic fever?
answer
Streptococcus pyogenes
question
Which of the following is a virulence factor for Streptococcus pneumoniae?
answer
capsule
question
What is the biggest reason for the presence of multi and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis?
answer
patient noncompliance
question
Which of the following terms is correctly matched to its definition?
answer
enteritis- inflammation of mainly the small intestine
question
Which of the following types of E. coli doesn't cause gastrointestinal disease?
answer
UPEC
question
What does the H7 stand for in E. coli O157:H7?
answer
serotype of flagella
question
Which of the following is not a virulence factor for uropathogenic E. coli?
answer
many peptidoglycan layers
question
Which of the following is not a characteristic stage of syphilis?
answer
inflammation
question
(T/F) Gonorrhea is the most frequently reported STD in the U.S.
answer
false
question
What is characteristic of the third stage of AIDS?
answer
AIDS-related dementia
question
(T/F) Endocarditis can be either bacterial or viral in origin.
answer
true
question
Which is not a cause of blood-brain barrier-crossing meningitis?
answer
Borrelia burgdorferi
question
(T/F) Mostly Gram-negative bacteria colonize the skin of humans
answer
false
question
Which is not a bacterial species with which infant's mouths are initially colonized?
answer
Staphylococcus
question
T cells and B cells are types of what kind of immunity?
answer
lymphocytes
question
Which is not an innate host defense?
answer
biological barriers
question
Which is not a major phagocytic cell?
answer
erythrocytes
question
(T/F) Interferons' actions are host specific and not virus specific
answer
true
question
MHC stands for...
answer
major histocompatibility complex
question
(T/F) Humoral immunity involves T cells while cellular immunity involves B cells
answer
false
question
(T/F) Cytokines are produced by which type of immunity?
answer
cellular
question
B cells can proliferate into plasma cells or be retained as ______ cells
answer
memory
question
What is the type of bond connecting the two heavy and two light chains of an antibody?
answer
disulfide
question
Which is the first antibody type detected in response to infection?
answer
IgM
question
(T/F) Cytotoxic T cells display surface antigen CD4
answer
false
question
(T/F) Class II MHC is found only on antigen-presenting cells
answer
true
question
What is the name of Dr. Mehari's country of origin?
answer
Eritrea
question
malaria
answer
protozoan
question
hepatitis
answer
virus
question
yeast infection
answer
fungus
question
syphilis
answer
bacteria
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