question
keratinization of skin cells in the epidermis
answer
difficult entry because they are able to withstand damage, abrasion and water penetration
question
antimicrobial proteins
answer
negatively charged particles that disrupt positively charged bacterial membranes
In general they keep microbial skin count low
In general they keep microbial skin count low
question
sebum
answer
low PH (makes skin inhospitable to many)
high lipid concentration (nutrients for normal microbiota)
creates toxic by product that inhibits other growth
high lipid concentration (nutrients for normal microbiota)
creates toxic by product that inhibits other growth
question
sweat
answer
Low pH and high salt concentration inhibit microbes
question
lysozyme
answer
breaks down peptidoglycan
question
4 bacteria that are normal flora of the skin
answer
strep
staphy
pnuesumonas
candidia
staphy
pnuesumonas
candidia
question
3 skin conditions caused by staph other than MRSA
answer
impetigo
cellulitis
scaled skin syndrome
cellulitis
scaled skin syndrome
question
organism that causes MRSA
answer
methicliaan reissitan staph
question
Is MRSA a bacteria or a virus?
answer
bacteria
question
How is MRSA transmitted?
answer
direct/indirect
question
How is MRSA diagnosed?
answer
pcr
culture and gram stain
coagulase/catalase test
culture and gram stain
coagulase/catalase test
question
virulence factors and pathogenesis of MRSA
answer
coagulase
hyaluronidase
staphykinase
nuclease
lipase
superantigens
hyaluronidase
staphykinase
nuclease
lipase
superantigens
question
treament of MRSA
answer
incision of lesions and drainage of pus
antibiotics like vancomycin, linezolid and daptomycin)
antibiotics like vancomycin, linezolid and daptomycin)
question
preventions of MRSA
answer
good hygiene
question
What is the catalase test?
answer
indicates wheatear microbes produces catalase (being able to convert hydrogen peroxide into water/oxygen)
it is positive if bubbles are produced
it is positive if bubbles are produced
question
What is a coagulase test?
answer
indicates weather microbe's produces coagulase (can coagulate plasma)
positive if clumps forms at the bottom of tube
positive if clumps forms at the bottom of tube
question
How is Measels transmitted?
answer
droplet contact
question
how is measeals diagnosed?
answer
pcr
CLINCAL DX
elisa
CLINCAL DX
elisa
question
virulence factors and pathogenenis of measles
answer
ability to suppress cell-mediated immunity
syncytium formation
syncytium formation
question
treatment for measles
answer
vitamin A
antibiotics (for secondary infections)
antibiotics (for secondary infections)
question
Prevention for mealses
answer
live attenuated vaccine (MMR and MMRV)
question
how is rubella dx
answer
acute Igm and acute/covalescent IgG
question
virulence factors and pathogenesis of rubella
answer
inhibition of mitosis
induction of apoptosis
damage to vascular endothelium
induction of apoptosis
damage to vascular endothelium
question
prevention of rubella?
answer
Live attenuated vaccine (MMR or MMRV)
question
What is the risk from rubella to pregnant women?
answer
induces miscarriage
results in multiple permanent defects
(deafness, cardiac abnormalities)
results in multiple permanent defects
(deafness, cardiac abnormalities)
question
SUgars
answer
high concentrations inhibit growth
question
lysozyme
lactoferrin
lactoferrin
answer
inhibit growth
question
flow of tear film
answer
prevents attachment of microbes to eye surface
question
Why does the eye have immune privialge?
answer
this means inflammation and the immune response doesn't happen as often because it would constant blur vision
question
organisms that cause neonatal conjunctivitis (chlamydia trachomatis)
How is it transmitted?
How is it transmitted?
answer
vertical
question
How is chlamydia trachomatis diagnosed?
answer
gram stain and culture
question
How is chlamydia trachomatis treated?
answer
topical/oral antibiotics
question
How is chlamydia trachomatis prevented?
answer
screen mothers
apply antibiotic
solution to newborn eyes
apply antibiotic
solution to newborn eyes
question
How is Streptococcus
pneumoniae transmitted?
pneumoniae transmitted?
answer
direct/indirect contact
question
How is Streptococcus
pneumoniae dx?
pneumoniae dx?
answer
clinical dx
question
How is Streptococcus
pneumoniae treated
pneumoniae treated
answer
trimethoprim/
polymyxin B
(normal)
-azithromycin/
levofloxacin
(serious)
polymyxin B
(normal)
-azithromycin/
levofloxacin
(serious)
question
How is Streptococcus
pneumoniae prevented ?
pneumoniae prevented ?
answer
good hygiene
question
How is adenovirus transmitted?
answer
direct/indirect contact
question
How is adenovirus diagnosed?
answer
clinical dx
question
What organisms are associated with
conjunctivitis in older children and adults?
conjunctivitis in older children and adults?
answer
N.gonorrhea
C trachomatis
C trachomatis
question
How can you tell the difference between
bacterial and viral conjunctivitis? Why is it
important to do so?
bacterial and viral conjunctivitis? Why is it
important to do so?
answer
Bacterial has mucopurulent (mucous and pus) discharge
viral has serous/clear discharge
viral has serous/clear discharge
question
Blood brain barrier
answer
prohibits most microbes from passing into the CNS (very selectively permeable)
question
Microglia cells
answer
can ingest pathogens
question
How is Neisseria meningitidis (gram negative) cultured/diagnosed?
answer
gram stain/culture of CSF
blood and rapid antigenic test
oxidase test
blood and rapid antigenic test
oxidase test
question
How is Neisseria meningitidis treated?
answer
-penicillin
-ceftriaxone
-cefotaxime
-ceftriaxone
-cefotaxime
question
how successful is the treatment for Neisseria meningitis ?
answer
needs to be treated as soon as possible (15% mortality rate even if treated)
question
How can Neisseria meningitis be prevented?
answer
conjugated vaccine
-ciprofloxacin,
rifampin
ceftriaxone to
protect
contacts
-ciprofloxacin,
rifampin
ceftriaxone to
protect
contacts
question
What are the virlence factors of Nesseira mengigitis?
answer
capsules
enodoxin
IgA protease
enodoxin
IgA protease
question
step pneumoniae (gram positive) How is this cultured/dx?
answer
gram stain/culture of CSF fluid
question
step pneumoniae (gram positive) How is this treated?
answer
penicillin
vancomycin
ceftriaxone
vancomycin
ceftriaxone
question
How successful is treatment for strep pneumonia
answer
you might have to switch treatments based on sensitivity
question
How can you prevent strep pneumonia?
answer
2 vaccines
PCV 13/PPSV23
PCV 13/PPSV23
question
virulence factors of strep pneumoniae
answer
capsules
inductions of apoptosis
hemolysin and hydrogen peroxide production
inductions of apoptosis
hemolysin and hydrogen peroxide production
question
How is Haemophilus influenzae (gram negative) cultured/dx?
answer
culture on chocolate agar
question
How is Haemophilus influenzae treated?
answer
ceftriaxone
question
can Haemophilus influenzae be prevented?
answer
HIB
vaccine
ciproflxacin
rifampin
ceftriaxone
vaccine
ciproflxacin
rifampin
ceftriaxone
question
virulence factors of Haemophilus influenzae
answer
capsule
question
How can listeria monocytogenes be cultured/dx
answer
cold enrichment
rapid methods
rapid methods
question
How is listeria monocytogenes treated
answer
ampicillin
trimethoprIMSULFmethoxazole
gentamicin
trimethoprIMSULFmethoxazole
gentamicin
question
can listeria monocytogenes prevented?
answer
cooking food thoroughly
avoiding unpasteurized dairy
avoiding unpasteurized dairy
question
what are the virulence factors for listeria monocytogenes
answer
intracellular growth
question
fungal meningitis (cryptococcus neoformans) transmission and epidemology?
answer
vehicle (air/dust)
question
fungal meningitis (cryptococcus neoformans) how is it cultured/dx
answer
negative staining
biochemical tests
DNA probes
cryptococcal antigen test
biochemical tests
DNA probes
cryptococcal antigen test
question
fungal meningitis (cryptococcus neoformans) treatment
answer
amphotericin B and fluconazole
question
can fungal meningitis (cryptococcus neoformans) be prevented
answer
no
question
virulence factors of fungal meningitis (cryptococcus neoformans)
answer
capsule
melanin production
melanin production
question
transmission and epidemology of fungal meningitis (coccidioides immitis)
answer
vehicle (air/dust and soil)
question
How is fungal meningitis (coccidioides immitis) cultured/dx?
answer
identification of spherules
cultivating of agar
cultivating of agar
question
How is fungal meningitis (coccidioides immitis)prevented
answer
avoiding airborne endospores
question
virulence factors of fungal meningitis (coccidioides immitis)
answer
spherule formation
question
tetanus ( clostridium tetni) transmission
answer
parenteral
direct contact
direct contact
question
tetanus ( clostridium tetni)
virulence factors
virulence factors
answer
tetanospasm exotoxin
question
effect of tetanus in the nervous sys
answer
blocks the inhibition of muscle contraction
question
treatment for tetanus
answer
passive antitoxin and tetanus toxoid active immunization
question
what is sepsis
answer
active bacteria infection in the blood
question
organisms associated with sepsis
answer
bacteria like MRSA or fungi like candida
question
route of transmission for sepsis
answer
parenteral or endogenous
question
dx for sepsis
answer
blood culture/deep sequencing
question
treatment for sepsis
answer
broad spectrum antibiotics/susceptibility tested
question
cilia
answer
move particles up/down out of respiratory tract
question
alveolar macrophages
answer
ingest microbes
question
secretory IgA
answer
antibody response against specific pathogens
question
upper respiratory tract
answer
no normal flora
question
transmission of influenza
answer
droplet
direct
indirect
1-4 incubation period
direct
indirect
1-4 incubation period
question
virulence factors of the flu
answer
gycoprotein spikes
genetic changes
slows down immune system
genetic changes
slows down immune system
question
Pathogenesis of the flu
answer
binds to ciliated cells of the repsiratory mucosa creating shedding to get rid of epthilum basal layer
question
significance of the cell wall of mycobacterium tuberculosis and MDR-TB, XDR-TB
answer
cell wall is harder for antibiotics to penetrate and decreases risk of death from phagocytosis
question
factors that predispose to TB
answer
immunocompromised/AIDS pts
question
pathogeneiss of primary TB
answer
phagocytized by alveolar macrophages but survive and multiple inside. cell-mediated immunity repsonse
question
pathogneeniss of secondary TB
answer
dormant bacteria that become reactivated with tubercles expanding, cavities in lungs, and draining into the bronchial tubes
question
dx of mycobacterium tuberculosis
answer
1. tuberculin testing
2. IRGAs performed on blood sample
3. gene amplification and antimicrobial sensitivity
2. IRGAs performed on blood sample
3. gene amplification and antimicrobial sensitivity
question
Prevention of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
answer
BCG vaccine
airborne precautions
airborne precautions
question
Strep pneumoniae (gram positive)
virulence factors
virulence factors
answer
capsule
question
transmission of Strep pneumoniae (gram positive)?
answer
droplet contact
endogenous transfer
endogenous transfer
question
dx for Strep pneumoniae
answer
gram stain
blood agar
nucleic acid
amplification test
blood agar
nucleic acid
amplification test
question
Prevention for strep pnuemoniae
answer
pneumococcal
polysacchride vaccine
polysacchride vaccine
question
what factors lead to HAP
answer
the use of mechanical ventilation and exposure to various microbes
question
how does the abundance of microbes changes as you travel through the GI tract from the oral cavity to the large intestine
answer
starts high in oral cavity decreases in pharynx and stomach but rises again in the large intestine
question
salmonella (positive) virulence
answer
adhesins
endotoxin
endotoxin
question
distinctive features of salmonella
answer
associated with chicken and reptiles
question
culture/dx of salmonella
answer
stool culture
question
transmission of salmonella
answer
vehicle
question
prevention of salmonella
answer
food/personal hygiene
question
treatment of salmonella
answer
rehydration
question
virleunce for shigella
answer
endotoxin
enterotoxin'
shiga toxin
enterotoxin'
shiga toxin
question
culture/dx for shigella
answer
stoll culture
antigen testing for shiga toxin
antigen testing for shiga toxin
question
transmission of sheigella
answer
fecal-orla
direct contact
direct contact
question
virulence factors of STEC
answer
shiga toxin
proteins for attachment secretion
proteins for attachment secretion
question
distinctive features for STEC
answer
hemolytic uremic syndrome
question
culture/dx for STEC
answer
stool culture
antigen testing for shiga toxin
antigen testing for shiga toxin
question
how would you distinguish between salmonella and shigella
answer
shigella doesnt invade blood, salmonella can and has an low infectionous does (shigella) salmonella has high infectious does
question
what is dysentery
answer
when diarrhea contains blood/mucous Shigella/STEC associated with this
question
what is enterotoxin
answer
an exotoxin that effects GI tract by damaging the mucosa and villi
question
rotovirus disitncitive features
answer
server in babies
question
transmission of rotavirus
answer
fecal-oral
vehicle
fomite
vehicle
fomite
question
prevention of rotavirus
answer
oral live virus vaccine
question
norovirus culture/dx
answer
rapid antigen test
question
transmission of norovirus
answer
fecal-oral vehicle
question
cryptosporidium (protozoan) virlence
answer
intracellular growth
question
distinctive features of cryptosporidium (protozoan)
answer
resistant to chlorine disinfection
question
culture/dx of cryptosporidium (protozoan)
answer
fluorescnece microscopy
question
how does enterotoxin differ fron endotoxin
answer
enterotoxins are relased while bacteria is still alove to target cells/tissues
endotoxins are apart of gram-negative membranes and are relased when the bacterium dies
endotoxins are apart of gram-negative membranes and are relased when the bacterium dies
question
how does shiga-toxin affects cells?
answer
shiga toxin causes cell death and abscess formation in the GI
question
how does C.diff infection differ from other causes of acute diarrhea
answer
all other causes are tranmitted by vehcleis or fecal-oral route. C diff is an oportunisitc pathogen alread fouudn in the body and begins to cause issues when the normal flora is wiped out
question
food posining is caused by what
answer
exotoxins
question
why is S.aureus susspetced if sugary or salt foods was consumed proior to an illness
answer
becasue of its high tolerance/abaility to survive these environments
question
which bacteria that causes food intoxication makes endospores
answer
clostridium perfringes makes endospores
question
what is the protective roles of lactobacillus
answer
lactobacillus converts sugar to acid and discourages growth of microorganism
question
explain why menopausal women may be more susceptible to UTI and yeast infections
answer
these women have less estrogen, less lactobacillus and decresed defense agaisn grwoth of microbes
question
virlence factors of N
answer
...
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