Micro exam 2 2009-2018 - Assignment Essays

question

The error rate for good old DNA polymerase is:

answer

1 billion

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Code which informs RNA-pol to stop working

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terminator

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You select for a bacteria which can survive a stressful or noxious environment

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positive selection

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A well-known HIV associated, opportunistic infection:

answer

Pneumocystis jiroveci

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Leukocidens are associated with

answer

destruction of white blood cells

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DNA polymerase lays down new DNA in this direction

answer

5'---->3' direction

question

Griffith's R and S bacteria experiments illustrated

answer

Transformation

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Trp operon: tryptophan itself binds to the:

answer

inactivated inhibitor

question

Pathogenicity: secreted toxin inhibits protein synthesis in Eukaryotes:

answer

Stachybotrys

question

enzyme which allows replicating rings of bacteria DNA to separate (target of an antibiotic)

answer

topoisomerase or gyrase

question

The tRNA code for a certain amino acid is C G U. The corresponding DNA codon is:

answer

CGT

question

Exotoxin which causes "lockjaw"

answer

tetanospasmin

question

Macrophage ingestion of LPS induces a macrophage to release

answer

IL-1

question

Secreted by invading bacteria to bind Fe+ ions

answer

siderophores

question

Normal microbial inhabitant of the vagina

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Lactobacillus

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Gram negative rod which releases an enterotoxin

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Vibrio cholerae

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A toxin which inhibits the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction is made by:

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Clostridium botulinum

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Change in DNA sequence which does not cause a change in the amino acid coded for:

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silent mutation

question

Repressor protein is coded for by a DNA section known as:

answer

question

Class of chemical which causes increase in core body temperature

answer

pyrogenic

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Used facial tissues, bed linens, eating utensils are all examples of

answer

fomites

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In hospitals now, patients on antibiotic treatments may kill E.coli and give rise to a

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C. difficle

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When several different nucleotide combinations can code for the same amino acid

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redundancy

question

With just 4 nucleotides, how many possible code combinations are there?

answer

question

S. pyogenes avoids phagocytosis:

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M protein

question

A leucocyte which loves basic dyes:

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basophil

question

The subtraction of a nucleotide from the DNA template causes:

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frameshift mutation

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The formed elements of whole blood are:

answer

WBC
Platelets
RBCs

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Signs and symptoms which accompany a particular illness

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syndrome

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Produced by E.coli to prevent the overgrowth of Salmonella or Shigella

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bacteriocins

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Ames Test, the reason to add rat liver homogenate: mimics

answer

passage through liver or Alkaline duodenum

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Genus of bacteria which has members who produce hemolysin

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Streptococcus

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The part of the disease process when the symptoms are at the worst!

answer

illness

question

Viral infection- when viral DNA is replicated, transcribed, translated and causes rupture of host cell.

answer

lytic

question

Nucleoside analogs cause or interfere with:

answer

mistakes in base pairing

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Normal vaginal micrbiota is diminished, patient is now in danger of an overgrowth infection caused by:

answer

C. albicans

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Symbiosis that best describes you and your friendly intestinal E.coli

answer

mutualism

question

C. tetani toxin:

answer

inhibits inhibitory nerves

question

Trypanosma evades the immune system by

answer

antigenic variation

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Dissimilation plasmids code for enzymes for utilization of

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exotic carbohydrates

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Alternative Complement Pathway......_______ directly recognized molecular pattern on invader

answer

question

Complement. C3b acts as an ________ for phagocytosis.

answer

opsin

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MMWR acronym for _________________

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Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

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Vibrio cholerae toxin, initially causes _______ to move from intestinal cells into intestinal lumen

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Na+ ions

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Disease: where ever infected, large, black ulcer appears. Respiratory form particularly bad

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B. anthracis

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Name of disease which is not subject to Koch's postulates

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ebola virus and syphilis

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This leucocyte "loves" both acid and basic dyes

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neutrophil

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The preferred portal of entry for syphillis and gonorrhea is the _________ tract

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urogenital

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A-B toxins, another name for them is _______ toxins

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binary

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This leucocyte produces globular proteins, called antibodies

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B cells

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C. pergringins use this enzyme to rapidly move through your limbs

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collagenase

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There are two strains of S.pneumonia, one called 'S' another 'R'. What does R stand for?

answer

rough

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G+ exotoxins are soluble in

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water

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Total number of infected cases in a period of time

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prevelance

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Classic Activation of Complement Pathway begins with

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two antibodies

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Lectin Pathway for Complement! MBL stands for

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mannose binding lectin

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C. botulinum produces a toxin which causes a type of parlysis called _____ paralysis

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flaccid

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Name one nucleoside analog

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2-aminopurine

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Clinical case chapter 16. What test is performed to check normal neutrophil function?

answer

NBT test

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Genus Neisseria: secrete a chemical which destroys secreted antibodies, this chemical is called

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IgA protease

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Principle sites of healthcare associated infections tied for first are _______ & ________

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lower respiratory, surgical site

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The study of the transmission of a disease in a population is called ______

answer

epidemiology

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Clinical Case, chap 14. Antibiotic treatment inadvertently leads to rise of a _________ infection

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clostridium dificile

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"opa gene" opa is short for the word

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opaque

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_______ is the leading cause of hospital associated infections

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C. dificile

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The human, easiest portal of entry is:

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respiratory

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Another name for "global control" of gene regulation in prokaryotes

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glucose effect

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Insect bites or a needle stick are examples of _______ routes of infection.

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parenteral

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Term for a disease which has a slow onset, and stays with you for a long time

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chronic

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Streptolysin O

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oxygen labile

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The DNA code for a certain amino acid is CAT. The corresponding mRNA codon is:

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GUA

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Macrophae ingestion of LPS induces macrophage to release

answer

IL-1

question

Toxin which inhibits release of acetylcholine is made by

answer

Clostridium botulinum

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You select for a bacteria which is missing a gene or has a faulty gene

answer

Negative selection

question

DNA polymerase reads the DNA template in this direction:

answer

3'------>5' direction

question

Pathogenicity: secreted toxin inhibits protein synthesis in Eukaryotes

answer

Stachybotrys

question

Class of chemical which causes increases in core body temperature

answer

pyrogenic

question

(In hospitals now), patients on antibiotic treatments which kill E.coli and many gain a _____infection

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C.difficile

question

S. pyrogenes avoids phagocytosis

answer

M protein

question

A leucocyte which loves acidic dyes

answer

eosinophil

question

Genus of bacteria which has members who produce hemolysin:

answer

Streptococcus

question

Viral infection- when viral DNA is repicated, transcribed, translated and causes rupture of host cell

answer

lytic

question

Nucleoside analogs cause:

answer

mistakes in base pairing

question

Normal vaginal microbiota is diminished; patient is now in danger of an overgrowth infection caused by:

answer

Candida albicans

question

Symbosis that best describes you and your friendly intestinal E.coli

answer

mutualism

question

You have no signs or symptoms, but you are infectious

answer

subclinical infection

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C. tetani toxin

answer

inhibits inhibitory nerves

question

Trypanosoma ends the immune system by

answer

antigenic variation

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Toxin which causes over activation of immune system, without being protective

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super antigens

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Normal WBC differential, which WBC is the most abundant?

answer

neutrophil

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Principle sites of healthcare associated infections, tied for first are

answer

lower respiratory infections & surgical site infections

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Name for genes which are constantly being translated and transcribed

answer

constitutive

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Infections gained in a hospital setting are called

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nosocomial

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"opa" gene. Opa is short for the word

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opaque

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The leading cause of hospital associated infections

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Clostridium difficile

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Tetanus toxin is very deadly. Where in your body will it first exert an effect?

answer

Jaw

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Pneymocystis jiroveci: is detected in _______ sample

answer

AIDS or sputum

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The preferred portal of entry for syphillis and gonorrhea is the ______ tract

answer

urogenital

question

A-B toxins, another name for them is ________ toxins.

answer

binary

question

LAL is an acronym! It stands for

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Limulus Amebocyte Ligase

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This leucocyte produces globular proteins, the antibodies

answer

B cells

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genus and species of organism which uses the opa gene to avoid your immune system

answer

Neisseria gonorrhea

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C. perfringins uses this enzyme to rapidly move through your limbs

answer

collagenase

question

There are two strains of S. pneumonia, one called 'S' another 'R'. What does 'S' stand for?

answer

Smooth

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DPT shot. D & T what kind of vaccine are these

answer

Dipteria toxoid

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Term which means total number of infected cases in a period of time

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Prevelance

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Clinical Case chapter 16. Name the missing enzyme

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Oxidase

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Period between initial infection and the first appearance of symptoms

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incubation

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Hib vaccine. What does the acronym Hib stand for?

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Haemophilus Influenzae Type B

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C. botulinum produces a toxin which causes a type of parlysis called

answer

flaccid paralysis

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Name one nucleoside analog... just one

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2-aminopurine

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CDC term which means the incidence of a specific, notable disease

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morbidity

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Clinical Case chapter 16. Leukocytosis! What test will be performed to check normal neutrophil function?

answer

NBT

question

Ergot poisoning is associated with the organism

answer

Claviceps purpurea

question

Genus Neisseria: a chemical which destroy antibodies, this chemical is called

answer

IgA Protease

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MMWR acronym for

answer

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

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S. mutans makes dextran from glucose. Name the enzyme that does this

answer

glucosyl transferase

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The study of diseases, especially disease processes is called

answer

pathogenesis

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Name one disease which is not subject to Koch's postulates

answer

syphillis and ebola

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Clinical Case chapter 16 resolved! Doctors inject Jacob with ______ to stimulate WBC's

answer

recombinant gamma

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The human, easiest portal of entry is

answer

respiratory

question

Roughly, how many cases of septic shock in the USA each year?

answer

750,000

question

An insect bite and a needle stick are examples of ______ route

answer

parenteral

question

Term for a disease which is has slow onset, and stays with you for a long time.

answer

Chronic

question

Enzyme allows the 2 replicating rings of bacterial DNA to separate (target of antibiotic)

answer

topoisomerase or gyrase

question

Streptolysin 'O'

answer

oxygen labile

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Endotoxins associated with:

answer

LPS

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Which class of antibodies is responsible for the dread seasonal hayfever

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IgE

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Human blood protein which tightly binds iron (Fe+) atoms, thereby depriving invading bacteria of Fe+

answer

transferrin

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Gram negative rde which releases an enterotoxin

answer

Vibrio Cholerae

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Neurotoxin produced by this microbe inhibits the normal release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

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Clostridium Botulinum

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Definition: a change in DNA sequence which does not cause a change in the amino acid coded for:

answer

silent mutation

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Unlike the elaborate controls of eukaryotic DNA, 60-80% of prokaryotic DNA is:

answer

constitutive

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Layers of a protein responsible for keeping skin relatively waterproof

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keratin

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Which is the function of complement proteins

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(all of the above) holes in cells, work in cascade, make opsonins, calls in more WBC

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Select for a bacterial cell which is missing a gene or has a faulty gene

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negative selection

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Select for a bacterial cell which can survive in a stressful or noxious environment

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positive selection

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Made by cells in response to interferons

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AVP

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Leukocytosis is associated with:

answer

production of too many white blood cells

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DNA polymerase replicates DNA, it reads DNA:

answer

3' to 5' direction

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When "naked" DNA is absorbed by bacteria from the environment and transcribed/translated

answer

transformation

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Soluble proteins which makeup MAC attack and directly produce holes in membranes

answer

complement

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Direct transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another

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conjugation

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Leukopenia, this condition is associated with:

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destruction of white blood cells

question

The enzyme which causes the appearance of a rash on the skin

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erythrogenic

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Toxin which lyses WBC

answer

streptolysin

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Leukocyte which circulates in the blood and eventually becomes a phagocytic cell in various tissues:

answer

monocytes

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Bacteria responsible for many stomach ulcers.

answer

heliobacter pylori

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Toxin produced by this animal causes "lockjaw"

answer

Clostridium tetani

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S. pyogenes makes 'M' protein. The purpose(s) of this protein:

answer

avoid phagocytosis

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White blood cell which loves acid dye and increases during helminthic infections

answer

eosinophil

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Definition: addition or subtraction of a nucleotide in/from the DNA template

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frameshift mutation

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You separate the formed elements from blood, the formed elements are:

answer

WBC, platelets and RBCs

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Active, antibody producing cells

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plasma cell

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Produced by E.coli to prevent the overgrowth of salmonella or Shigella

answer

bacteriocins

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When B cells stop encountering antigen

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most die

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Genus of bacteria which may produce coagulase

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Staphylococcus

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Disease process: symptoms almost are gone, the patient feels better, but may still be infectious

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Convalescence

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The parts of a typical antibody which encounters antigen

answer

Hv and Lv

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Bacterial product which can be used as a life saving "clot buster"

answer

kinase

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Type of symbiosis that best describes you and your friendly intestinal E.coli

answer

mutualism

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A disease is considered "contagious" if

answer

is easily spread

question

C. tetani produces a toxin that

answer

inhibits inhibitory nerves

question

Game plan used by Trypanosoma to evade the immune system

answer

antigenic variation

question

Express "self proteins" ...

answer

MHC I

question

Tears captured microbes and move them from the surface of the eye to the back of the throat

answer

naso-lacrimal canal

question

Causes low pH of sebum

answer

long chain fatty acids

question

The body portal which pathogens most frequently enter the body

answer

respiratory

question

Name pathway which activates complement using special sugar-binding proteins

answer

lectin pathway

question

Interactions of TCR with ____ & ____ turns on T helper

answer

MHC II & antigen complement

question

You have gotten an infection through the parenteral route, what is the parenteral route?

answer

direct injection into tissue

question

The second signal to a B cell to activate

answer

IL-2

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Name one bacterial disease which is an exception to Koch's postulates

answer

syphilis

question

Secreted by T killer, damages target cells.

answer

performs

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Drug which anesthetizes small moving hairs lining your trachea

answer

nicotine

question

Bacterial product which lyse RBC are called

answer

hemolysin

question

Granulocytes, which has granules which love basic dyes

answer

basophils

question

Specific complement protein which acts as an "opsin"

answer

C3b

question

Monocytes migrate to your brain, they stay and become

answer

macrophage cells

question

Most abundant of the granulocytes in circulation

answer

neutrophils

question

S. mutans, name of enzyme which converts glucose to dextran

answer

glycosyl transferase

question

Specific chemical made by the liver, recognizes carbohydrate patterns, and activates complement

answer

lectin

question

WBC which releases histamine

answer

basophils

question

Name one genus of bacteria just waiting, to take its place inside you

answer

salmonella

question

Respiratory tract, GI tract, genitor-urinary tract are all examples of

answer

portals of entry

question

Category of exotoxin which causes severe immune reactions

answer

super antigen

question

Clostridium tetani produces a toxin which causes

answer

spastic paralysis

question

A-B toxins, what does 'B' part do

answer

binds

question

Clostridium botulinum also produces a toxin, what is its effect on your muscle tone?

answer

flaccid paralysis

question

Salmonellosis and some viral diseases cause a _____ in the number of circulating WBC's.

answer

drop

question

Chemical generated which continues and intensifies the initial action of histamine

answer

prostaglandins

question

Secreted by macrophages and acts as am endogenous pyrogen

answer

IL-1

question

You survive primary infection, secondary infection are caused by

answer

opportunistic organisms

question

Removes introns and splices exons

answer

snRNPs

question

NSAID means

answer

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

question

Roughly how many WBCs per micrometer of whole blood cell in a healthy adult

answer

5,000-10,000

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How would you best classify the exotoxin produced by Vibrio cholerea

answer

enterotoxin

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Type of mutation in DNA caused by exposure to UV light

answer

Thymine dimer

question

Vibrio cholera toxin initially causes _______ to move from intestinal cells into intestinal lumen

answer

ions

question

Fancy word which means, " the cause of a microbial disease"

answer

etiology

question

Fancy name for neutrophils, says something about their nucleus

answer

polymorphonuclear

question

Fancy word, which means WBC can "walk through" capillaries near infection or damaged tissue

answer

diapedesis

question

A term which means, the manner in which a disease progresses

answer

pathogenesis

question

Name given to mutation event which makes an auxotroph "whole" again

answer

reversion

question

Term which means, number of infection cases (of a disease) per unit time

answer

incidence

question

Term which means: bacteria found in the blood (simple stain of a blood smear tells you this)

answer

bacteremia

question

Term which means all of the infected cases (of a disease) in a given population

answer

prevalence

question

Name which means several ribosomes translating the same mRNA strand at the same time

answer

polyribosomal translation

question

Streptolysin 'S'

answer

oxygen stable

question

Exotoxins are associated with:

answer

Gram + rods

question

Class of antibodies made first?

answer

IgM

question

Secreted by invading bacteria to bind any free Fe+

answer

siderophores

question

The error rate for good old DNA polymerase is

answer

1 billion

question

DNA polymerase replicates DNA, it creates new DNA:

answer

5' to 3' direction

question

Soluble proteins which make up MAC attack

answer

C 9

question

Toxin which can not lyse WBC in presence of oxygen

answer

streptolysin 'O'

question

Big problem in hospitals right now, when a patient under antibiotic treatment loses E.coli and gains

answer

C. difficle

question

3 different nucleotide combinations can code for the same amino acid! This is called

answer

redundancy

question

Active plasma cells produces about _____ antibodies
per minute

answer

2,000

question

Type of symbiosis that best describes you and the friendly corynebacterium on your eye's mucosal surface

answer

commensalism

question

May express foreign viral proteins on nucleated cells

answer

MHC I

question

Secret to sebum's antimicrobial activity

answer

short chain fatty acids

question

AVP cause cells to shut down both

answer

translation and transcription

question

Fancy word which means infection gained while in a hospital

answer

nosocomial

question

The non-living reservoir for V. cholera

answer

water

question

Monocytes migrate to your lungs they stay and become

answer

alveolar macrophages

question

In a healthy adult, roughly what percent of WBCs are lymphocytes?

answer

20-25%

question

There are two strains of S. pneumonia, one called 'S' another 'R'. What does 'R' stand for?

answer

rough

question

The old 'P' in DPT shot. What kind of vaccine is this?

answer

inactivated whole agent

question

Mutagenic toxin, aflatoxin is secreted by the fungus

answer

Aspergilius flavus

question

Roughly, how many WBCs per micrometer of whole blood in a healthy adult?

answer

5,000-10,000 microliters

question

Hallucinogenic toxin, ergot, is secreted by the fungus

answer

Claviceps purpurea

question

Complement protein fragment which acts as a chemo-attractant for neutrophils

answer

C5a

question

An insect bite, human bite, scratch, surgical entry, needle stick are examples of

answer

parenteral route

question

Prevalent protein in the protective epidermal layer

answer

keratin

question

Griffith's experiments with R and S bacteria types illustrated:

answer

transformation

question

F+ bacteria strains are associated best with

answer

conjugation

question

Toxin which can lyse WBC in the presence of oxygen

answer

streptolysin "S"

question

With four nucleotides how many possible combinations are there?

answer

question

You have conquered the invading microbe. Several weeks later what is the role of the B cells:

answer

memory cells

question

Genus of bacteria that may produce kinase

answer

streptococcus

question

Disease in animals that may jump to humans

answer

zoonosis

question

Tooth decay. What is the second type of bacteria which secretes enamel eroding chemicals?

answer

streptococcus

question

Directly causes shut down of cellular translation

answer

AVP

question

Glycosyltransferase. Which microbe secretes this enzyme which contributes to dental carries

answer

S. mutans

question

Hib vaccine. What type of vaccine is it?

answer

conjugated

question

Genus Neiseria produces a chemical which destroys antibodies, this chemical is called

answer

IgA protease

question

How many cases of septic shock in the USA each year?

answer

750,000

question

Term for a disease, which has a very rapid onset, but only keeps you sick for a short time?

answer

acute

question

Tooth decay. What is the second type of bacteria which secretes enamel encoding chemicals?

answer

Actinomyces

question

A protein that binds a specific carbohydrate

answer

Lectin

question

Set of signs and symptoms that accompany a particular illness

answer

syndrome

question

Vaccine includes both target antigen and immunological aggravating part of another microbe

answer

conjugate

question

Genus of bacteria that may produce hemolysin

answer

Streptococcus

question

Infection phase, when viral DNA incorporates in host DNA

answer

Lysogenic

question

A vaccine which only uses certain "parts" of the microbe considered to be antigenic

answer

subunit

question

Another name for "the glucose effect" on gene regulation

answer

global control

question

Monocytes travel to your brain and become a

answer

microglial macrophage

question

Chemicals made by the liver which recognize carbohydrates are made at the signal from a

answer

macrophage

question

MMR vaccine. What kind of vaccine is it?

answer

live attenuated whole agent

question

Variola virus is used to protect you from the disease

answer

small pox

question

MMWR stands for

answer

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

question

Roughly, how many reportable diseases are there?

answer

question

Name for genes that are constantly being translated and transcribed

answer

constitutive

question

Macrophage digestion of LPS induces a macrophage to release

answer

IL-1

question

Secretion onto epidermis, many organisms can't digest it

answer

sebum

question

A well-known HIV associated, opportunistic infection

answer

Pneumocystis jiroveci

question

Trp operon: role of tryptophan itself:

answer

active inhibitor

question

Class of immunoglobulins secreted across mucus membranes

answer

IgA

question

A leukocyte which loves basic dyes:

answer

Basophil

question

Ames test, the reason to expose suspected carcinogen to rat liver enzyme, mimic:

answer

Environment passing through colon

question

The part of the disease process when the symptoms are at their worst!

answer

illness

question

During replication, included nucleoside analogs cause:

answer

mistakes in base pairing

question

Integration of the fertility factor (F+) into the genome results in:

answer

Hfr cell

question

1940's, 50's the most common nosocomial infection was caused by

answer

Staphylococcus aureus

question

Hospital-borne infections in the 1980s were mostly due to

answer

antibiotic resistant bacteria

question

The preferred portal of entry for syphilis and gonorrhea is the

answer

Uro-genital tract

question

A-B toxins, another name for them is

answer

Binary toxins

question

Remember Griffith's experiment! microbe avoids the immune system surveillance by using

answer

capsules

question

Type of lymphocyte which can directly kill a virally infected self cell

answer

T killer cell

question

Genus and species of an organism which uses the Opa gene to avoid your immune system

answer

Neisseria Gonorrehae

question

What does the acronym for HiB stand for?

answer

Haemophilius influenza b

question

Disease: high fever, stomach pain, lethality 20%, usually spread by contaminated fingers/food

answer

typhoid fever

question

Anything which attaches to an invader and makes it "tastier " for macrophage to eat it is called

answer

opsin

question

Disease: "rust" in the sputum, cough, difficulty breathing, fever, chills, untreated-bad

answer

pneumonia

question

Most prevalent Ig in your blood plasma

answer

IgG

question

Viral infection-when viral DNA is replicated, transcribed and causes rupture of host cell

answer

lytic

question

Pathogenicity: inhibits protein synthesis in Eukaryotes:

answer

Stachybotrys

question

Top 3 nosocomial infections: list #1 & #2:

answer

Lower respiratory and surgical site infections & GI infections

question

The study of the transmission of a disease in a population is called

answer

epidemiology

question

Pneumocystis jiroveci: is detected in

answer

sputum sample

1 of 291

question

The error rate for good old DNA polymerase is:

answer

1 billion

question

Code which informs RNA-pol to stop working

answer

terminator

question

You select for a bacteria which can survive a stressful or noxious environment

answer

positive selection

question

A well-known HIV associated, opportunistic infection:

answer

Pneumocystis jiroveci

question

Leukocidens are associated with

answer

destruction of white blood cells

question

DNA polymerase lays down new DNA in this direction

answer

5'---->3' direction

question

Griffith's R and S bacteria experiments illustrated

answer

Transformation

question

Trp operon: tryptophan itself binds to the:

answer

inactivated inhibitor

question

Pathogenicity: secreted toxin inhibits protein synthesis in Eukaryotes:

answer

Stachybotrys

question

enzyme which allows replicating rings of bacteria DNA to separate (target of an antibiotic)

answer

topoisomerase or gyrase

question

The tRNA code for a certain amino acid is C G U. The corresponding DNA codon is:

answer

CGT

question

Exotoxin which causes "lockjaw"

answer

tetanospasmin

question

Macrophage ingestion of LPS induces a macrophage to release

answer

IL-1

question

Secreted by invading bacteria to bind Fe+ ions

answer

siderophores

question

Normal microbial inhabitant of the vagina

answer

Lactobacillus

question

Gram negative rod which releases an enterotoxin

answer

Vibrio cholerae

question

A toxin which inhibits the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction is made by:

answer

Clostridium botulinum

question

Change in DNA sequence which does not cause a change in the amino acid coded for:

answer

silent mutation

question

Repressor protein is coded for by a DNA section known as:

answer

question

Class of chemical which causes increase in core body temperature

answer

pyrogenic

question

Used facial tissues, bed linens, eating utensils are all examples of

answer

fomites

question

In hospitals now, patients on antibiotic treatments may kill E.coli and give rise to a

answer

C. difficle

question

When several different nucleotide combinations can code for the same amino acid

answer

redundancy

question

With just 4 nucleotides, how many possible code combinations are there?

answer

question

S. pyogenes avoids phagocytosis:

answer

M protein

question

A leucocyte which loves basic dyes:

answer

basophil

question

The subtraction of a nucleotide from the DNA template causes:

answer

frameshift mutation

question

The formed elements of whole blood are:

answer

WBC
Platelets
RBCs

question

Signs and symptoms which accompany a particular illness

answer

syndrome

question

Produced by E.coli to prevent the overgrowth of Salmonella or Shigella

answer

bacteriocins

question

Ames Test, the reason to add rat liver homogenate: mimics

answer

passage through liver or Alkaline duodenum

question

Genus of bacteria which has members who produce hemolysin

answer

Streptococcus

question

The part of the disease process when the symptoms are at the worst!

answer

illness

question

Viral infection- when viral DNA is replicated, transcribed, translated and causes rupture of host cell.

answer

lytic

question

Nucleoside analogs cause or interfere with:

answer

mistakes in base pairing

question

Normal vaginal micrbiota is diminished, patient is now in danger of an overgrowth infection caused by:

answer

C. albicans

question

Symbiosis that best describes you and your friendly intestinal E.coli

answer

mutualism

question

C. tetani toxin:

answer

inhibits inhibitory nerves

question

Trypanosma evades the immune system by

answer

antigenic variation

question

Dissimilation plasmids code for enzymes for utilization of

answer

exotic carbohydrates

question

Alternative Complement Pathway......_______ directly recognized molecular pattern on invader

answer

question

Complement. C3b acts as an ________ for phagocytosis.

answer

opsin

question

MMWR acronym for _________________

answer

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

question

Vibrio cholerae toxin, initially causes _______ to move from intestinal cells into intestinal lumen

answer

Na+ ions

question

Disease: where ever infected, large, black ulcer appears. Respiratory form particularly bad

answer

B. anthracis

question

Name of disease which is not subject to Koch's postulates

answer

ebola virus and syphilis

question

This leucocyte "loves" both acid and basic dyes

answer

neutrophil

question

The preferred portal of entry for syphillis and gonorrhea is the _________ tract

answer

urogenital

question

A-B toxins, another name for them is _______ toxins

answer

binary

question

This leucocyte produces globular proteins, called antibodies

answer

B cells

question

C. pergringins use this enzyme to rapidly move through your limbs

answer

collagenase

question

There are two strains of S.pneumonia, one called 'S' another 'R'. What does R stand for?

answer

rough

question

G+ exotoxins are soluble in

answer

water

question

Total number of infected cases in a period of time

answer

prevelance

question

Classic Activation of Complement Pathway begins with

answer

two antibodies

question

Lectin Pathway for Complement! MBL stands for

answer

mannose binding lectin

question

C. botulinum produces a toxin which causes a type of parlysis called _____ paralysis

answer

flaccid

question

Name one nucleoside analog

answer

2-aminopurine

question

Clinical case chapter 16. What test is performed to check normal neutrophil function?

answer

NBT test

question

Genus Neisseria: secrete a chemical which destroys secreted antibodies, this chemical is called

answer

IgA protease

question

Principle sites of healthcare associated infections tied for first are _______ & ________

answer

lower respiratory, surgical site

question

The study of the transmission of a disease in a population is called ______

answer

epidemiology

question

Clinical Case, chap 14. Antibiotic treatment inadvertently leads to rise of a _________ infection

answer

clostridium dificile

question

"opa gene" opa is short for the word

answer

opaque

question

_______ is the leading cause of hospital associated infections

answer

C. dificile

question

The human, easiest portal of entry is:

answer

respiratory

question

Another name for "global control" of gene regulation in prokaryotes

answer

glucose effect

question

Insect bites or a needle stick are examples of _______ routes of infection.

answer

parenteral

question

Term for a disease which has a slow onset, and stays with you for a long time

answer

chronic

question

Streptolysin O

answer

oxygen labile

question

The DNA code for a certain amino acid is CAT. The corresponding mRNA codon is:

answer

GUA

question

Macrophae ingestion of LPS induces macrophage to release

answer

IL-1

question

Toxin which inhibits release of acetylcholine is made by

answer

Clostridium botulinum

question

You select for a bacteria which is missing a gene or has a faulty gene

answer

Negative selection

question

DNA polymerase reads the DNA template in this direction:

answer

3'------>5' direction

question

Pathogenicity: secreted toxin inhibits protein synthesis in Eukaryotes

answer

Stachybotrys

question

Class of chemical which causes increases in core body temperature

answer

pyrogenic

question

(In hospitals now), patients on antibiotic treatments which kill E.coli and many gain a _____infection

answer

C.difficile

question

S. pyrogenes avoids phagocytosis

answer

M protein

question

A leucocyte which loves acidic dyes

answer

eosinophil

question

Genus of bacteria which has members who produce hemolysin:

answer

Streptococcus

question

Viral infection- when viral DNA is repicated, transcribed, translated and causes rupture of host cell

answer

lytic

question

Nucleoside analogs cause:

answer

mistakes in base pairing

question

Normal vaginal microbiota is diminished; patient is now in danger of an overgrowth infection caused by:

answer

Candida albicans

question

Symbosis that best describes you and your friendly intestinal E.coli

answer

mutualism

question

You have no signs or symptoms, but you are infectious

answer

subclinical infection

question

C. tetani toxin

answer

inhibits inhibitory nerves

question

Trypanosoma ends the immune system by

answer

antigenic variation

question

Toxin which causes over activation of immune system, without being protective

answer

super antigens

question

Normal WBC differential, which WBC is the most abundant?

answer

neutrophil

question

Principle sites of healthcare associated infections, tied for first are

answer

lower respiratory infections & surgical site infections

question

Name for genes which are constantly being translated and transcribed

answer

constitutive

question

Infections gained in a hospital setting are called

answer

nosocomial

question

"opa" gene. Opa is short for the word

answer

opaque

question

The leading cause of hospital associated infections

answer

Clostridium difficile

question

Tetanus toxin is very deadly. Where in your body will it first exert an effect?

answer

Jaw

question

Pneymocystis jiroveci: is detected in _______ sample

answer

AIDS or sputum

question

The preferred portal of entry for syphillis and gonorrhea is the ______ tract

answer

urogenital

question

A-B toxins, another name for them is ________ toxins.

answer

binary

question

LAL is an acronym! It stands for

answer

Limulus Amebocyte Ligase

question

This leucocyte produces globular proteins, the antibodies

answer

B cells

question

genus and species of organism which uses the opa gene to avoid your immune system

answer

Neisseria gonorrhea

question

C. perfringins uses this enzyme to rapidly move through your limbs

answer

collagenase

question

There are two strains of S. pneumonia, one called 'S' another 'R'. What does 'S' stand for?

answer

Smooth

question

DPT shot. D & T what kind of vaccine are these

answer

Dipteria toxoid

question

Term which means total number of infected cases in a period of time

answer

Prevelance

question

Clinical Case chapter 16. Name the missing enzyme

answer

Oxidase

question

Period between initial infection and the first appearance of symptoms

answer

incubation

question

Hib vaccine. What does the acronym Hib stand for?

answer

Haemophilus Influenzae Type B

question

C. botulinum produces a toxin which causes a type of parlysis called

answer

flaccid paralysis

question

Name one nucleoside analog... just one

answer

2-aminopurine

question

CDC term which means the incidence of a specific, notable disease

answer

morbidity

question

Clinical Case chapter 16. Leukocytosis! What test will be performed to check normal neutrophil function?

answer

NBT

question

Ergot poisoning is associated with the organism

answer

Claviceps purpurea

question

Genus Neisseria: a chemical which destroy antibodies, this chemical is called

answer

IgA Protease

question

MMWR acronym for

answer

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

question

S. mutans makes dextran from glucose. Name the enzyme that does this

answer

glucosyl transferase

question

The study of diseases, especially disease processes is called

answer

pathogenesis

question

Name one disease which is not subject to Koch's postulates

answer

syphillis and ebola

question

Clinical Case chapter 16 resolved! Doctors inject Jacob with ______ to stimulate WBC's

answer

recombinant gamma

question

The human, easiest portal of entry is

answer

respiratory

question

Roughly, how many cases of septic shock in the USA each year?

answer

750,000

question

An insect bite and a needle stick are examples of ______ route

answer

parenteral

question

Term for a disease which is has slow onset, and stays with you for a long time.

answer

Chronic

question

Enzyme allows the 2 replicating rings of bacterial DNA to separate (target of antibiotic)

answer

topoisomerase or gyrase

question

Streptolysin 'O'

answer

oxygen labile

question

Endotoxins associated with:

answer

LPS

question

Which class of antibodies is responsible for the dread seasonal hayfever

answer

IgE

question

Human blood protein which tightly binds iron (Fe+) atoms, thereby depriving invading bacteria of Fe+

answer

transferrin

question

Gram negative rde which releases an enterotoxin

answer

Vibrio Cholerae

question

Neurotoxin produced by this microbe inhibits the normal release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

answer

Clostridium Botulinum

question

Definition: a change in DNA sequence which does not cause a change in the amino acid coded for:

answer

silent mutation

question

Unlike the elaborate controls of eukaryotic DNA, 60-80% of prokaryotic DNA is:

answer

constitutive

question

Layers of a protein responsible for keeping skin relatively waterproof

answer

keratin

question

Which is the function of complement proteins

answer

(all of the above) holes in cells, work in cascade, make opsonins, calls in more WBC

question

Select for a bacterial cell which is missing a gene or has a faulty gene

answer

negative selection

question

Select for a bacterial cell which can survive in a stressful or noxious environment

answer

positive selection

question

Made by cells in response to interferons

answer

AVP

question

Leukocytosis is associated with:

answer

production of too many white blood cells

question

DNA polymerase replicates DNA, it reads DNA:

answer

3' to 5' direction

question

When "naked" DNA is absorbed by bacteria from the environment and transcribed/translated

answer

transformation

question

Soluble proteins which makeup MAC attack and directly produce holes in membranes

answer

complement

question

Direct transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another

answer

conjugation

question

Leukopenia, this condition is associated with:

answer

destruction of white blood cells

question

The enzyme which causes the appearance of a rash on the skin

answer

erythrogenic

question

Toxin which lyses WBC

answer

streptolysin

question

Leukocyte which circulates in the blood and eventually becomes a phagocytic cell in various tissues:

answer

monocytes

question

Bacteria responsible for many stomach ulcers.

answer

heliobacter pylori

question

Toxin produced by this animal causes "lockjaw"

answer

Clostridium tetani

question

S. pyogenes makes 'M' protein. The purpose(s) of this protein:

answer

avoid phagocytosis

question

White blood cell which loves acid dye and increases during helminthic infections

answer

eosinophil

question

Definition: addition or subtraction of a nucleotide in/from the DNA template

answer

frameshift mutation

question

You separate the formed elements from blood, the formed elements are:

answer

WBC, platelets and RBCs

question

Active, antibody producing cells

answer

plasma cell

question

Produced by E.coli to prevent the overgrowth of salmonella or Shigella

answer

bacteriocins

question

When B cells stop encountering antigen

answer

most die

question

Genus of bacteria which may produce coagulase

answer

Staphylococcus

question

Disease process: symptoms almost are gone, the patient feels better, but may still be infectious

answer

Convalescence

question

The parts of a typical antibody which encounters antigen

answer

Hv and Lv

question

Bacterial product which can be used as a life saving "clot buster"

answer

kinase

question

Type of symbiosis that best describes you and your friendly intestinal E.coli

answer

mutualism

question

A disease is considered "contagious" if

answer

is easily spread

question

C. tetani produces a toxin that

answer

inhibits inhibitory nerves

question

Game plan used by Trypanosoma to evade the immune system

answer

antigenic variation

question

Express "self proteins" ...

answer

MHC I

question

Tears captured microbes and move them from the surface of the eye to the back of the throat

answer

naso-lacrimal canal

question

Causes low pH of sebum

answer

long chain fatty acids

question

The body portal which pathogens most frequently enter the body

answer

respiratory

question

Name pathway which activates complement using special sugar-binding proteins

answer

lectin pathway

question

Interactions of TCR with ____ & ____ turns on T helper

answer

MHC II & antigen complement

question

You have gotten an infection through the parenteral route, what is the parenteral route?

answer

direct injection into tissue

question

The second signal to a B cell to activate

answer

IL-2

question

Name one bacterial disease which is an exception to Koch's postulates

answer

syphilis

question

Secreted by T killer, damages target cells.

answer

performs

question

Drug which anesthetizes small moving hairs lining your trachea

answer

nicotine

question

Bacterial product which lyse RBC are called

answer

hemolysin

question

Granulocytes, which has granules which love basic dyes

answer

basophils

question

Specific complement protein which acts as an "opsin"

answer

C3b

question

Monocytes migrate to your brain, they stay and become

answer

macrophage cells

question

Most abundant of the granulocytes in circulation

answer

neutrophils

question

S. mutans, name of enzyme which converts glucose to dextran

answer

glycosyl transferase

question

Specific chemical made by the liver, recognizes carbohydrate patterns, and activates complement

answer

lectin

question

WBC which releases histamine

answer

basophils

question

Name one genus of bacteria just waiting, to take its place inside you

answer

salmonella

question

Respiratory tract, GI tract, genitor-urinary tract are all examples of

answer

portals of entry

question

Category of exotoxin which causes severe immune reactions

answer

super antigen

question

Clostridium tetani produces a toxin which causes

answer

spastic paralysis

question

A-B toxins, what does 'B' part do

answer

binds

question

Clostridium botulinum also produces a toxin, what is its effect on your muscle tone?

answer

flaccid paralysis

question

Salmonellosis and some viral diseases cause a _____ in the number of circulating WBC's.

answer

drop

question

Chemical generated which continues and intensifies the initial action of histamine

answer

prostaglandins

question

Secreted by macrophages and acts as am endogenous pyrogen

answer

IL-1

question

You survive primary infection, secondary infection are caused by

answer

opportunistic organisms

question

Removes introns and splices exons

answer

snRNPs

question

NSAID means

answer

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

question

Roughly how many WBCs per micrometer of whole blood cell in a healthy adult

answer

5,000-10,000

question

How would you best classify the exotoxin produced by Vibrio cholerea

answer

enterotoxin

question

Type of mutation in DNA caused by exposure to UV light

answer

Thymine dimer

question

Vibrio cholera toxin initially causes _______ to move from intestinal cells into intestinal lumen

answer

ions

question

Fancy word which means, " the cause of a microbial disease"

answer

etiology

question

Fancy name for neutrophils, says something about their nucleus

answer

polymorphonuclear

question

Fancy word, which means WBC can "walk through" capillaries near infection or damaged tissue

answer

diapedesis

question

A term which means, the manner in which a disease progresses

answer

pathogenesis

question

Name given to mutation event which makes an auxotroph "whole" again

answer

reversion

question

Term which means, number of infection cases (of a disease) per unit time

answer

incidence

question

Term which means: bacteria found in the blood (simple stain of a blood smear tells you this)

answer

bacteremia

question

Term which means all of the infected cases (of a disease) in a given population

answer

prevalence

question

Name which means several ribosomes translating the same mRNA strand at the same time

answer

polyribosomal translation

question

Streptolysin 'S'

answer

oxygen stable

question

Exotoxins are associated with:

answer

Gram + rods

question

Class of antibodies made first?

answer

IgM

question

Secreted by invading bacteria to bind any free Fe+

answer

siderophores

question

The error rate for good old DNA polymerase is

answer

1 billion

question

DNA polymerase replicates DNA, it creates new DNA:

answer

5' to 3' direction

question

Soluble proteins which make up MAC attack

answer

C 9

question

Toxin which can not lyse WBC in presence of oxygen

answer

streptolysin 'O'

question

Big problem in hospitals right now, when a patient under antibiotic treatment loses E.coli and gains

answer

C. difficle

question

3 different nucleotide combinations can code for the same amino acid! This is called

answer

redundancy

question

Active plasma cells produces about _____ antibodies
per minute

answer

2,000

question

Type of symbiosis that best describes you and the friendly corynebacterium on your eye's mucosal surface

answer

commensalism

question

May express foreign viral proteins on nucleated cells

answer

MHC I

question

Secret to sebum's antimicrobial activity

answer

short chain fatty acids

question

AVP cause cells to shut down both

answer

translation and transcription

question

Fancy word which means infection gained while in a hospital

answer

nosocomial

question

The non-living reservoir for V. cholera

answer

water

question

Monocytes migrate to your lungs they stay and become

answer

alveolar macrophages

question

In a healthy adult, roughly what percent of WBCs are lymphocytes?

answer

20-25%

question

There are two strains of S. pneumonia, one called 'S' another 'R'. What does 'R' stand for?

answer

rough

question

The old 'P' in DPT shot. What kind of vaccine is this?

answer

inactivated whole agent

question

Mutagenic toxin, aflatoxin is secreted by the fungus

answer

Aspergilius flavus

question

Roughly, how many WBCs per micrometer of whole blood in a healthy adult?

answer

5,000-10,000 microliters

question

Hallucinogenic toxin, ergot, is secreted by the fungus

answer

Claviceps purpurea

question

Complement protein fragment which acts as a chemo-attractant for neutrophils

answer

C5a

question

An insect bite, human bite, scratch, surgical entry, needle stick are examples of

answer

parenteral route

question

Prevalent protein in the protective epidermal layer

answer

keratin

question

Griffith's experiments with R and S bacteria types illustrated:

answer

transformation

question

F+ bacteria strains are associated best with

answer

conjugation

question

Toxin which can lyse WBC in the presence of oxygen

answer

streptolysin "S"

question

With four nucleotides how many possible combinations are there?

answer

question

You have conquered the invading microbe. Several weeks later what is the role of the B cells:

answer

memory cells

question

Genus of bacteria that may produce kinase

answer

streptococcus

question

Disease in animals that may jump to humans

answer

zoonosis

question

Tooth decay. What is the second type of bacteria which secretes enamel eroding chemicals?

answer

streptococcus

question

Directly causes shut down of cellular translation

answer

AVP

question

Glycosyltransferase. Which microbe secretes this enzyme which contributes to dental carries

answer

S. mutans

question

Hib vaccine. What type of vaccine is it?

answer

conjugated

question

Genus Neiseria produces a chemical which destroys antibodies, this chemical is called

answer

IgA protease

question

How many cases of septic shock in the USA each year?

answer

750,000

question

Term for a disease, which has a very rapid onset, but only keeps you sick for a short time?

answer

acute

question

Tooth decay. What is the second type of bacteria which secretes enamel encoding chemicals?

answer

Actinomyces

question

A protein that binds a specific carbohydrate

answer

Lectin

question

Set of signs and symptoms that accompany a particular illness

answer

syndrome

question

Vaccine includes both target antigen and immunological aggravating part of another microbe

answer

conjugate

question

Genus of bacteria that may produce hemolysin

answer

Streptococcus

question

Infection phase, when viral DNA incorporates in host DNA

answer

Lysogenic

question

A vaccine which only uses certain "parts" of the microbe considered to be antigenic

answer

subunit

question

Another name for "the glucose effect" on gene regulation

answer

global control

question

Monocytes travel to your brain and become a

answer

microglial macrophage

question

Chemicals made by the liver which recognize carbohydrates are made at the signal from a

answer

macrophage

question

MMR vaccine. What kind of vaccine is it?

answer

live attenuated whole agent

question

Variola virus is used to protect you from the disease

answer

small pox

question

MMWR stands for

answer

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

question

Roughly, how many reportable diseases are there?

answer

question

Name for genes that are constantly being translated and transcribed

answer

constitutive

question

Macrophage digestion of LPS induces a macrophage to release

answer

IL-1

question

Secretion onto epidermis, many organisms can't digest it

answer

sebum

question

A well-known HIV associated, opportunistic infection

answer

Pneumocystis jiroveci

question

Trp operon: role of tryptophan itself:

answer

active inhibitor

question

Class of immunoglobulins secreted across mucus membranes

answer

IgA

question

A leukocyte which loves basic dyes:

answer

Basophil

question

Ames test, the reason to expose suspected carcinogen to rat liver enzyme, mimic:

answer

Environment passing through colon

question

The part of the disease process when the symptoms are at their worst!

answer

illness

question

During replication, included nucleoside analogs cause:

answer

mistakes in base pairing

question

Integration of the fertility factor (F+) into the genome results in:

answer

Hfr cell

question

1940's, 50's the most common nosocomial infection was caused by

answer

Staphylococcus aureus

question

Hospital-borne infections in the 1980s were mostly due to

answer

antibiotic resistant bacteria

question

The preferred portal of entry for syphilis and gonorrhea is the

answer

Uro-genital tract

question

A-B toxins, another name for them is

answer

Binary toxins

question

Remember Griffith's experiment! microbe avoids the immune system surveillance by using

answer

capsules

question

Type of lymphocyte which can directly kill a virally infected self cell

answer

T killer cell

question

Genus and species of an organism which uses the Opa gene to avoid your immune system

answer

Neisseria Gonorrehae

question

What does the acronym for HiB stand for?

answer

Haemophilius influenza b

question

Disease: high fever, stomach pain, lethality 20%, usually spread by contaminated fingers/food

answer

typhoid fever

question

Anything which attaches to an invader and makes it "tastier " for macrophage to eat it is called

answer

opsin

question

Disease: "rust" in the sputum, cough, difficulty breathing, fever, chills, untreated-bad

answer

pneumonia

question

Most prevalent Ig in your blood plasma

answer

IgG

question

Viral infection-when viral DNA is replicated, transcribed and causes rupture of host cell

answer

lytic

question

Pathogenicity: inhibits protein synthesis in Eukaryotes:

answer

Stachybotrys

question

Top 3 nosocomial infections: list #1 & #2:

answer

Lower respiratory and surgical site infections & GI infections

question

The study of the transmission of a disease in a population is called

answer

epidemiology

question

Pneumocystis jiroveci: is detected in

answer

sputum sample

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