question
mututalism
answer
both organisms benefit
question
commensalism
answer
one organism benefits and the other neither benefits or harmed
question
parasitism
answer
one organism benefits and the other is harmed
question
what are all of the bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses that inhabit the human body called?
answer
microbiome or human microbiota
these organisms live w us in a symbiotic relationship!
these organisms live w us in a symbiotic relationship!
question
what are the four microbial ecosystems in the human body?
answer
skin
respiratory
intestine
genitourinary
respiratory
intestine
genitourinary
question
axenic
answer
free of microbes
question
which areas are axenic?
answer
kidney and ureters
question
what are the reasons transient microbiota cannot persist in the body?
answer
competition for space and nutrients
elimination by the body's defense cells
chemical or physical changes in the body
elimination by the body's defense cells
chemical or physical changes in the body
question
what are the ways the skin inhibits microbial growth?
answer
tightly packed cells
dry ( lack of H2O )
salt
antimicrobial peptides (defensins)
lysozyme
sebum/oil (ph 4-6)
dry ( lack of H2O )
salt
antimicrobial peptides (defensins)
lysozyme
sebum/oil (ph 4-6)
question
in the lacrimal apparatus, how does lysozyme in tears kill bacteria?
answer
cleaves peptidoglycan
question
what is pink eye?
answer
inflamed conjunctiva with discharge
caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenza, and some viruses
caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenza, and some viruses
question
what are benefits of the microbiome?
answer
mutualism
digest food and synthesize compounds (B12)
compete w pathogens for attachment to host cells
compete for food sources
synthesis antimicrobial compounds
acidic/low pH environmental from fermentation
shape and enhance immune system
digest food and synthesize compounds (B12)
compete w pathogens for attachment to host cells
compete for food sources
synthesis antimicrobial compounds
acidic/low pH environmental from fermentation
shape and enhance immune system
question
commercial products that are considered probiotic
answer
yogurt
milk sugar + acid = yogurt
milk sugar + acid = yogurt
question
how does vaginal microbiota limit Candida overgrowth?
answer
lactobacilli ferment sugars to produce acid... the acid limits the growth of Candid
question
bacteria ferment sugars to produce...
answer
acids!
question
which of the four microbial ecosystems is the first to be colonized by microbes?
answer
intestines
they acquire microbes as a fetus, then baby formula, mother, ingestion of food and water
they acquire microbes as a fetus, then baby formula, mother, ingestion of food and water
question
which is not a typical site of microbiota?
answer
kidneys
... there should not be microbes in the blood, internal organs, or CNS
... there should not be microbes in the blood, internal organs, or CNS
question
which area of the body has the highest number of aerobic organisms?
answer
skin
question
which lab technique can help determine hard to culture bacterial species?
answer
polymerase chain reaction
it has an enzyme that can copy DNA to DNA or RNA to DNA
... simple segment and amplify it over and over which allows DNA to be sequenced (read)
it has an enzyme that can copy DNA to DNA or RNA to DNA
... simple segment and amplify it over and over which allows DNA to be sequenced (read)
question
which is the most common microbe found on the skin?
answer
Staphylococcus epidermidis
question
what skin condition does the bacteria, Propionibacterium, cause by degrading triglycerides to fatty acids in sebaceous glands?
answer
acne
question
which is not a way that normal microbiota help protect the body from pathogens?
answer
they don't attack and kill pathogenic microbes.. they may outcompete but are not like WBC they are just symbiotic
question
what disease is caused by the oral bacteria, Streptococcus mutans?
answer
dental caries
question
where would you find a mucociliary escalator?
answer
respiratory
question
how can the bacteria, helicopter pylori, survive stomach acid?
answer
pylori produces the enzyme urease which cleaves urea in the stomach forming a protective pH environment
question
which area would contain mainly anaerobic bacteria?
answer
intestines
question
why do malnourished populations more easily suffer from diarrheal diseases?
answer
loss of stomach acid allow pathogenic bacteria to survive
question
what does bacteria, Bifidobacterium help break down?
answer
breast milk
question
methanogens may play a role in obesity by causing an increase in what?
answer
fermentation
question
which organism causes Pseudomembranous colitis?
answer
Clostridium difficile
question
what type of organism is Candida albicans?
answer
Fungi
question
where are extremely tight junctions of endothelial cells of capillaries found?
answer
blood- brain barrier
question
an opportunistic pathogen is a microbe that normally does not cause disease but can if a person is...
answer
immunocompromised
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