question
They are not composed of cells
answer
Which one of the following is true regarding viruses?
question
polymorphic
answer
Which one of the following is NOT a morphological type of virus?
question
bacteriophages
answer
Viruses that infect bacteria are called
question
capsomeres
answer
Capsids are composed of protein subunits known as
question
serological methods
answer
What is/are the most common method(s) used to identify viruses?
question
glucose broth
answer
All of the following can be used to culture animal viruses EXCEPT
question
cytopathic effects
answer
Cell deteriorations due to viral infections are known as
question
continuous cell lines
answer
___ are sometimes called immortal cell lines
question
grow bacteriophages
answer
The plaque method can be used to
question
HIV/AIDS
answer
Which one of the following is an example of a persistent viral infection in humans?
question
shingles
answer
Which one of the following is an example of a latent viral infection in humans?
question
reverse transcriptase
answer
The enzyme that uses viral RNA as a template to produce complementary double-stranded DNA is
question
oncolytic viruses
answer
Viruses that infect and lyse cancer cells are called
question
oncogenic viruses
answer
viruses capable of inducing tumors in animals are called
question
oncogenes
answer
Which part of the genome is affected by cancer-causing alterations to cellular DNA?
question
connective
answer
Sarcoma is a cancer of _____ tissue
question
reverse transcriptase
answer
The ability of retroviruses to induce tumors is related to which enzyme?
question
Cells lose their ability to divide
answer
Which one of the following is NOT an effect of transformation?
question
10%
answer
What percentage of cancers are known to be virus-induced?
question
A naked, infectious piece of RNA
answer
A viroid is a(n)
question
plants
answer
Viroids infect
question
neurological
answer
Scrapie is an example of a ________ disease found in sheep and caused by a prion.
question
inhalation
answer
Prion diseases can be acquired via all of the following EXCEPT
question
introns
answer
it is hypothesized that viroids evolved from
question
RNA, +strand
answer
Which type of viral nucleic acid functions as mRNA
question
they are present only for a relatively short time
answer
Which one of the following is NOT true about normal microbiota?
question
mutualism
answer
Escherichia coli synthesizing vitamins K and B in the large intestine would be an example of which type of symbiosis
question
antagonism
answer
Normal microbiota can benefit the host by preventing the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms. This is called microbial ___
question
one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
answer
In commensalism,
question
have increased susceptibility to disease
answer
germ free animals
question
noncommunicable
answer
Diseases NOT transmitted from one host to another are
question
symptoms
answer
A patient experiences pain and discomfort. These changes in the patient's body function are referred to as
question
chronic
answer
What term is used to describe a disease that develops slowly and is likely to continue or recur for long periods?
question
tetanus
answer
An example of a noncommunicable disease is
question
epidemic
answer
A disease acquired by many people in a given area in a relatively short period of time is called a
question
nationality
answer
Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor affecting the occurrence of disease?
question
period of decline
answer
A period of illness is immediately followed by a(n)
question
prodomal period
answer
The stage of disease that is characterized by early, mild symptoms is called the
question
malaria
answer
Which of the following diseases is NOT spread by droplet transmission?
question
vehicle
answer
The spread of pathogens via contaminated water is an example of ____ transmission
question
normal microbiota on a person
answer
Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to healthcare-associated infections?
question
nosocomial infections
answer
Traditionally, healthcare-associated infections were called ____
question
Clostridium difficile
answer
Today, what is the leading cause of healthcare-associated infections?
question
2 million
answer
In the United States, how many people per year contract hospital-associated infections?
question
increased use of antibiotics
answer
Which one of the following control measures is NOT used to prevent healthcare-associated infections?
question
analytical epidemiology
answer
Which of the following uses the case control method or cohort method?
question
experimental epidemiology
answer
Which of the following begins with a hypothesis about a specific disease?
question
CDC
answer
The Morbidity and Morality Weekly Report is published by the
question
morbidity
answer
The incidence of specific notifiable disease is known as
question
John Snow
answer
In 1849, this person showed that MOST people infected with cholera in London drank from the Broad Street pump
question
food-borne transmission
answer
Which of the following would NOT be a way that influenza is transmitted?
question
respiratory tract
answer
the easiest and MOST frequently traveled portal of entry for infectious microorganisms is the
question
virulence
answer
The degree of pathogenicity of an organism is known as the
question
conjunctiva
answer
Which of the following is NOT an example of the parenteral route of entry?
question
genitourinary trat
answer
What is the preferred portal of entry for chlamydia?
question
biofilms
answer
Communities of microbes that cling to surfaces and share available nutrients are called
question
endotoxins
answer
The outer portion of gram-negative cell walls contain
question
to break down fibrin
answer
What is the action of bacterial kinases?
question
hepatotoxins
answer
Exotoxins that attack liver cells are known as
question
siderophores
answer
Proteins secreted by pathogens that bind iron are known as
question
genotoxins
answer
Toxins produced by some gram-negative bacteria that damage DNA are called
question
herpes simplex virus
answer
Which virus irreversibly stops mitosis?
question
interferons
answer
Substances produced by virus-infected cells that protect neighboring unifnected cells from infection are called
question
cytopathic effects
answer
Which of the following refers to the visible effects of a viral infection?
question
inclusion bodies
answer
What are the granules found in the cytoplasm or nucleus of some virus-infected cells?
question
unregulated cell growth
answer
Viruses that transform cells by causing loss of contact inhibition result in
question
by using antigenic variation
answer
Which of the following is NOT a way fungi cause disease?
question
alga
answer
What type of organism produces saxitoxin?
question
ergot alkaloid
answer
Which of the following toxins is an alkaloid that can cause hallucinations resembling those produced by LSD?
question
Trypanosoma
answer
Which of the following protozoa use antigenic variation to stay one step ahead of the host's immune system?
question
Wuchereria bancrofti
answer
What is the causative agent of elephantiasis?
question
blood
answer
Arthropods provide a portal of exit for microbes via the
question
respiratory tract
answer
sneezing is a portal of exit for the
question
whooping cough
answer
Pathogens that are discharged from the respiratory tract can cause which of the following diseases?
question
warts
answer
Infections transmitted from the skin include
question
tularemia
answer
Which of the following diseases can be transmitted by a biting insect?
question
gram-negative bacterial infections
answer
Septic shock can result from using antibiotics to treat
question
Propionibacterium acnes
answer
Which one of these organisms is a diphtheroid that inhabits hair follicles?
question
staphylococci and micrococci
answer
The types of gram-positive cocci that make up the skin's normal microbiota are
question
keratin
answer
The waterproofing protein in the skin is called
question
Lysozyme
answer
What are protective substance of the skin is/are capable of breaking down the cell walls of certain bacteria?
question
Malassezia furfur
answer
Which one of the following is thought to be responsible for causing dandruff?
question
Staphylococcus aureus
answer
Which organism produces a toxin that causes scalded skin syndrome?
question
toxic shock syndrome
answer
Fever, vomiting, and a sunburnlike rash are symptoms of
question
Streptokinase
answer
Which one of the following dissolves blood clots?
question
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
answer
Which organism often grows in dense biofilms and frequently causes nosocomial infections by colonizing medical tubes or devices?
question
Mycobacterium ulcerans
answer
Which organism is widespread in tropical Africa and related to the organisms that cause tuberculosis and leprosy?
question
measles
answer
Koplik's spots are diagnostic for
question
less than 1%
answer
The mortality rate of variola minor is
question
Reye's syndrome
answer
Which one of the following is an occasional severe complication of chickenpox?
question
Shingles
answer
Which one of the following diseases is caused by the reactivation of a latent virus?
question
fungus
answer
Ringworm is caused by what type of organism?
question
Rubella
answer
Which one of the following is responsible for severe birth defects if contracted during pregnancy?
question
Candida albicans
answer
The disease thrush is caused by
question
pedis
answer
Athlete's foot is also known as tinea ____
question
Pediculus
answer
The head louse and body louse both are of the genus
question
Scabies
answer
Which disease was probably the first documented connection between a microscopic organism and a disease in humans?
question
Acanthamoeba keratitis
answer
Using a homemade saline solution for contact lenses can result in
question
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
answer
Ophthalmia neonatorum is caused by
question
Chlamydia trachomatis
answer
Trachoma is caused by
question
Herpetic keratitis
answer
Which disease is thought to be the most common cause of infectious blindness in the United States?
question
Haemophilus influenzae
answer
what is the most common bacterial cause of conjunctivitis
question
measles
answer
subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is a condition associated with
question
subarachnoid space
answer
In the brain, cerebrospinal fluid flows through the
question
pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
answer
What is the order of the layer of meninges from the innermost to the outermost
question
encephalitis
answer
inflammation of the brain is called
question
lipid soluble
answer
drugs can cross the blood brain barrier only if they are
question
complement
answer
bacteria can grow well in cerebrospinal fluid because it has low levels of circulating antibodies and
question
pneumococcal meningitis
answer
which type of meningitis is also a frequent cause of pneumonia
question
neurotoxin
answer
the symptoms of tetanus are caused by an
question
listeria monocytogenes
answer
which bacterium is know to cause stillbirth and neurological disease in animals
question
flaccid paralysis
answer
Which of the following would be a symptom of botulism
question
It has an optimum growth temperature of 37 degrees C
answer
which of the following statements about mycobacterium leprae is false
question
tsetse flies
answer
Trypanosoma brucei is transmitted by
question
cryptococcus neoformans
answer
which organism is highly fatal in immunocompromised patients and is transmitted by the inhalation of dried bird droppings
question
sleeping sickness
answer
trypansomiasis is also known as
question
naegleria fowleri
answer
Which organism is widespread in freshwater and feeds on brain tissue
question
acanthamoeba
answer
granulomatous amebic encephalitis is caused by
question
creutzfeldt jakob disease
answer
which of the following diseases is caused by a prion
question
abnormally folded protein
answer
a prion is an
question
kuru
answer
the prion disease associated with cannibalism is
question
cattle feed contaminated with scrapie
answer
One hypothesis on the origin of mad cow disease in cattle concerns
question
a strong solution of sodium hydroxide
answer
To sterilize instruments contaminated with prions, you should use
question
rabies
answer
Which disease is transmitted via ingestion of contaminated water and can cause paralysis
question
European bat lyssavirus
answer
What disease is closely related to and clinically indistinguishable from rabies?
question
west nile virus
answer
which type of arboviral encephalitis was introduced to the united states in 1999 and is maintained in a bird mosquito bird cycle
question
silver haired bats
answer
in the united states the most common cause of rabies in humans if from
question
attenuated vaccine
answer
the sabin polio vaccine is an
question
Yersinia pestis
answer
the causative agent of plaque is
question
bartonella henselae
answer
the causative agent of cat scratch disease
question
gas gangrene
answer
clostridium perfringens is the cause of
question
pasterurella multocida
answer
which organism can often be transmitted by the bite of a domestic animal and causes sepsis
question
undulant
answer
brucellosis is also known as ____ fever
question
lyme disease
answer
a bulls eye rash is a common symptom of which disease
question
streptococcus pyogenes
answer
rheumatic fever is an autoimmune complication caused by a ____ infection
question
endospores
answer
infections of bacillus anthracic are initiated by
question
francisella tularensis
answer
which organism causes a disease known as rabbit fever
question
rheumatic
answer
sydenhams chorea is an unusual complication in individuals with ___ fever
question
xenopsylla cheopis
answer
endemic typhus is transmitted by
question
chagas disease
answer
the reduviid bug carries trypanosoma cruzi which is the cause of
question
human body lice
answer
typhus fever, caused by rickettsia prowazekii is transmitted by
question
lone star tick
answer
the usual vector for human monocytotropic ehrilichiosis is the
question
malaria
answer
which of the following is not transmitted by aedes mosquitoes
question
transfer of saliva
answer
What is the usual route of transmission for mononucleosis?
question
cytomegalovirus
answer
which virus forms owls eyes in a infected cell
question
fruit bat
answer
the natural host reservoir for ebola virus is the
question
Epstein barr virus
answer
which virus is the cause of burkitts lymphoma
question
chikungunya fever
answer
climate change is increasing the distribution of which of the following diseases
question
toxoplasma gondii
answer
cats are an essential part of the life cycle
question
snails
answer
_____ are essential for one stage of the schistosoma life cycle
question
plasmodium falciparum
answer
the most dangerous form of malaria is caused by
question
merozoite
answer
which stage of the plasmodium protozoan infects the red blood cells of humans
question
visceral
answer
kala azar is a type of what form of leishmaniasis
question
field mouse
answer
What organism is the MOST important reservoir for Borrelia burgdorferi?
question
IgA
answer
Which antibodies in tears, salvia, and mucus help protect mucosal surfaces from many pathogens?
question
scarlet fever
answer
Which disease is caused by the erythrogenic toxin produced by Streptococcus pyogenes (which is lysogenized by a bacteriophage)?
question
diphtheria
answer
Which disease forms a tough grayish membrane in the throat
question
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
answer
Walking pneumonia is caused by
question
pharynx
answer
Which of the following is/ are NOT considered part of the lower respiratory system?
question
Coxiella burnetii
answer
Which intracellular bacterium is the cause of Q fever?
question
Streptococcus pneumoniae
answer
Typical pneumonia is caused by which bacterium?
question
It is not transmitted person-to-person
answer
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of tuberculosis?
question
aerosolized water droplets
answer
Of the following, what would be the MOST likely mode of transmission of Legionella pneumophila?
question
antigenic drift
answer
In influenza viruses, minor annual variations in the antigenic makeup are called
question
respiratory syncytial virus
answer
Which virus infects virtually ALL children by age 2?
question
egg embryos
answer
Currently, the influenza viruses used for manufacturing vaccines are grown in
question
produce airborne spores
answer
Several serious fungal infections affect the lower respiratory system mainly because fungi
question
histoplasmosis
answer
In which of these diseases do bird droppings provide nutrients, especially nitrogen, to the fungus?
question
80%
answer
Approximately what percentage of the immune system is located in the intestinal tract
question
dysentery
answer
Severe diarrhea accompanied by blood or mucus is called
question
temperature abuse
answer
When microbes are allowed to incubate in food, the situation is called
question
Vibrio cholerae
answer
Which organism produces a toxin that causes the host cells to secrete water and electrolytes, especially potassium?
question
the fecal-oral route
answer
Hepatitis A is transmitted via which of the following?
question
hepatitis C
answer
Which form of hepatitis kills more people in the United States than AIDS?
question
hepatitis B
answer
Which form of hepatitis can lead to fulminant hepatitis in its acute form?
question
oral rehydration
answer
The treatment for viral gastroenteritis, such as norovirus or rotavirus, is usually
question
Giardia lamblia
answer
Which organism is flagellate protozoan that has a flat ventral side and is able to attach firmly to a human's intestinal wall?
question
skin
answer
The portal of entry for the larvae of hookworms is the
question
hepatitis C
answer
Which form of hepatitis progresses to chronic hepatitis in up to 85% of cases?
question
Streptococcus mutans
answer
Which microbe is most commonly associated with dental caries?
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