question
During WWI, what was the leading cause of death for soldiers?
answer
Infection
Mainly enteric (typhoid) fever
Mainly enteric (typhoid) fever
question
Who was the world's leading authority on typhoid fever during WWI?
answer
Sir William Osler
question
What was the number 1 reason for reduction in deaths by infectious disease?
answer
Health Departments
Sanitation
Clean water, sanitary sewer systems
Sanitation
Clean water, sanitary sewer systems
question
When did Fleming first not the effects of penicillin?
answer
1920
question
When was penicillin released as a medication?
answer
1940's
question
What are some contributing factors to the reduction in death by infectious disease since 1900?
answer
Sanitation
Antibiotics
Vaccines
Antibiotics
Vaccines
question
Why does infectious disease remain a leading cause of death worldwide?
answer
Emergence of new diseases
Re-emergence of old diseases
Resistance
Re-emergence of old diseases
Resistance
question
What are some examples of new infectious diseases?
answer
Ebola
HIV
HIV
question
What is one example of a disease that has re-emerged?
answer
Tuberculosis
Re-emerged when HIV became prevalent
Re-emerged when HIV became prevalent
question
What is one example of an organism that has become resistant to antibiotics?
answer
MRSA
Methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus
Methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus
question
What are some factors that have helped infectious disease stay prevalent in the modern age?
answer
Globalization and Travel
Urbanization
Complacency
Resistance to antibiotics
Urbanization
Complacency
Resistance to antibiotics
question
What steps must take place to cause disease?
answer
Encounter
Entry
Attachment
Establishment (fight immune defense)
Damage
Entry
Attachment
Establishment (fight immune defense)
Damage
question
Define normal flora
answer
Bacteria that are present but are not presently causing disease
Microorganisms normally found on or in the human body
Microorganisms normally found on or in the human body
question
How can normal flora protect the host?
answer
Prevent colonization or attachment of infectious bacteria
question
What factors affect normal flora?
answer
Genetics
Age
Sex
Stress
Nutrition
Age
Sex
Stress
Nutrition
question
Do we all have the same normal flora?
answer
No.
question
How do we acquire our normal flora?
answer
Contact with maternal microbes
Contact with air, food
"Eating dirt"
Contact with air, food
"Eating dirt"
question
Under what conditions could normal flora cause disease?
answer
Overgrowth of normal flora
Location moved
Defenses suppressed (immunosuppression)
Location moved
Defenses suppressed (immunosuppression)
question
Define Infection
answer
Successful persistence of microbes causing inflammatory reaction
question
Infection which causes significant damage (or symptoms) to the host
answer
Disease
question
Define Exogenous
answer
Disease caused by microbes from the environment
question
Define Endogenous
answer
Disease caused by microbes which are normally found in or on the body
question
What is it called when normal flora have a predilection (preference) for a certain organ?
answer
Tissue Tropism
question
What factors affect tissue tropism?
answer
Essential growth factors
Presence of receptors
Physical properties
Presence of receptors
Physical properties
question
What are some organs that are colonized by microorganisms?
answer
Skin
Upper respiratory tract
Mouth
Large Bowel
Urethra
Vagina
Upper respiratory tract
Mouth
Large Bowel
Urethra
Vagina
question
What is transient exposure?
answer
When organs are exposed to a bacteria for a brief time
question
Where can transient exposure take place?
answer
Stomach
Urinary bladder
Uterus
Urinary bladder
Uterus
question
What are some characteristics of skin colonization?
answer
Density varies
Mostly gram+ in dry areas
More gram- in warm, moist areas
Anaerobes in deep glands
Mostly gram+ in dry areas
More gram- in warm, moist areas
Anaerobes in deep glands
question
What are some characteristics of upper respiratory colonization?
answer
Nose heavily colonized, similar to skin
Sinuses sterile
Turbinates provide a barrier
Oropharynx has wide variety
Sinuses sterile
Turbinates provide a barrier
Oropharynx has wide variety
question
Why are so many bacteria found in the mouth?
answer
Ideal conditions for bacterial growth
question
What is dental plaque?
answer
Biofilm excreted by bacteria
Used to lower O2 levels
Used to lower O2 levels
question
When might you see colonization of the lower respiratory tract?
answer
Chronic lung disease
Ex. COPD
Ex. COPD
question
Which organism has the highest density of normal flora?
answer
Large intestine
10^11 microbes
10^11 microbes
question
What parts of the GU tract are typically colonized by bacteria?
answer
Distal Urethra
Vagina
Vagina
question
What vitamins do normal flora help to synthesize?
answer
B12
K
K
question
What are some benefits of normal flora?
answer
Synthesis and excretion of vitamins
Conversion of bile
Stimulate immunity
Conversion of bile
Stimulate immunity
question
What are some host defenses against colonization?
answer
Skin
Peristalsis
Mucous
Lysozyme
Coughing/sneezing
Stomach acidity
Peristalsis
Mucous
Lysozyme
Coughing/sneezing
Stomach acidity
question
How do normal flora directly prevent colonization from other pathogens?
answer
Competition
Production of bacteriocins (protein antibiotics)
Depletion of essential nutrients (iron)
Production of toxic end products
Production of bacteriocins (protein antibiotics)
Depletion of essential nutrients (iron)
Production of toxic end products
question
How do normal flora INDIRECTLY prevent colonization from other pathogens?
answer
Activate complement system
Inflammatory response
Phagocytosis
Basically stimulate immune system
Inflammatory response
Phagocytosis
Basically stimulate immune system
question
How can knowledge of bacterial A&P help us fight them?
answer
Focus antibiotics on specific aspects of bacterial anatomy
question
Why do many antibiotics have wide therapeutic ranges?
answer
Bacterial anatomy is so different from eukaryotic anatomy
Ex. we don't have cell walls
Ex. we don't have cell walls
question
What is virulence?
answer
Relative term
Measure of pathogenicity
Measure of pathogenicity
question
What are a few ways prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes?
answer
DNA not enclosed in membrane
Circular DNA
No organelles
Almost all have cell wall
Usually divide by binary fission
Circular DNA
No organelles
Almost all have cell wall
Usually divide by binary fission
question
What are the functions of the prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane?
answer
Regulation of passing nutrients and waste products
Energy transfer (ATP)
Energy transfer (ATP)
question
What is one defining characteristic of gram+ bacteria?
answer
Have very thick cell wall
question
What is one defining characteristic of gram- bacteria?
answer
Have thin cell wall and outer lipid membrane
question
Name all parts of gram- cellular envelope, from outside to inside
answer
Outer membrane
Cell Wall (thin)
Periplasmic space
Cytoplasmic membrane
Cell Wall (thin)
Periplasmic space
Cytoplasmic membrane
question
Name all parts of gram+ cellular envelope, from outside to inside
answer
Cell wall
Periplasmic space
Cytoplasmic membrane
Periplasmic space
Cytoplasmic membrane
question
What is the cell wall primarily composed of?
answer
Peptidoglycan
question
What is the function of the cell wall?
answer
Maintain cell shape
Enable bacteria to withstand hydrophobic compounds
Protect plasma membrane
Enable bacteria to withstand hydrophobic compounds
Protect plasma membrane
question
What is another word for peptidoglycan?
answer
Murein
question
What is the difference between teichoic and lipoteichoic acids?
answer
Teichoic is only in the cell wall
Lipoteichoic extends down to the cytoplasmic membrane
Lipoteichoic extends down to the cytoplasmic membrane
question
Coccus
answer
Round (spherical)
question
Bacillus
answer
Rod-shaped
question
Coccobacillus
answer
Short rods
question
Types of arrangements
answer
Chains
Diplococci
Clusters
Diplococci
Clusters
question
Some examples of gram+ bacteria genus
answer
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Bacillus
Clostridium
Actinomyces
Streptococcus
Bacillus
Clostridium
Actinomyces
question
What defines mycobacteria?
answer
They create a waxy substance over the peptidoglycan cell wall
Slow growing, long incubation
Gram+ but hard to stain
Slow growing, long incubation
Gram+ but hard to stain
question
What is one example of a mycobacterium?
answer
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Causes TB
Causes TB
question
Why are mycobacterium problematic?
answer
Slow growing
Some antibiotics don't work
Need to treat for extended period of time
Takes long time to grow in culture
Some antibiotics don't work
Need to treat for extended period of time
Takes long time to grow in culture
question
Why are eye infections typically caused by viruses?
answer
Lysozyme (in tears) will cleave bacterial cell walls
question
What are some clinical implications of bacterial cell walls?
answer
Provide receptor sites for drugs/viruses
Important site for attack by antibiotics
Important site for attack by antibiotics
question
What provides protection of cytoplasmic membrane in gram- bacteria?
answer
Outer membrane
Thin peptidoglycan
Thin peptidoglycan
question
What does LPS stand for?
answer
Lipopolysaccharide
question
What are the three parts of the gram- outer membrane?
answer
Lipid A
Core
O antigen
Core
O antigen
question
What gram+ structure is Lipid A similar to ?
answer
Teichoic acid
question
What does lipid A cause in low levels?
answer
Fever
Activation of host defenses
Activation of host defenses
question
What does lipid A cause in high levels?
answer
Acts as endotoxin
Causes shock and Death
Causes shock and Death
question
What is one clinical function of O antigen?
answer
Helps us distinguish different gram- species
question
What is the periplasmic space?
answer
Space between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane
question
What are some examples of gram- genus?
answer
Escherichia
Shigella
Salmonella
Helobacter
Lenionella
Shigella
Salmonella
Helobacter
Lenionella
question
What are some advantages of being gram-?
answer
Extra membrane = more protection
LPS is endotoxin
More resistant to antibiotics
LPS is endotoxin
More resistant to antibiotics
question
What are some disadvantages of being gram-?
answer
Allows for attachment of bacteriophages
question
What are the defining characteristics of mycoplasma bacteria?
answer
Neither gram+ or gram-
Have no cell wall
Have no cell wall
question
List some bacterial appendages
answer
Flagella
Pili
Pili
question
What is the function of flagella?
answer
Motility
Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis
question
What is another word for pili?
answer
Finbriae
question
What is the function of pili?
answer
Bacterial attachment to host cell receptors
Bacterial attachment for transfer of DNA
Overcome conflicting charges
Bacterial attachment for transfer of DNA
Overcome conflicting charges
question
How do pili help increase virulence?
answer
Resistance to flushing
May create antiphagocytic properties
May create antiphagocytic properties
question
What is one thing that makes N. gonorrhea so virulent?
answer
It is able to change it's surface proteins
Makes it difficult to recognize, difficult to develop antibodies
Makes it difficult to recognize, difficult to develop antibodies
question
What two forms can a glycocalyx take?
answer
Capsule (organized)
Slime Layer (disorganized)
Slime Layer (disorganized)
question
What function does a glycocalyx serve?
answer
Makes cell more sticky - attachment
Protects from phagocytosis
Protects from phagocytosis
question
How have we used glycocalyces to our advantage?
answer
Designed tests to look for glycocalyx
Vaccines so body can recognize glycocalyx
Vaccines so body can recognize glycocalyx
question
What are some examples of organisms with glycocalices?
answer
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitis
Staphlococcus epidermidis
Neisseria meningitis
Staphlococcus epidermidis
question
What are spores?
answer
Survival mechanism
Dormant form of bacteria that allows survival in harsh conditions
Dormant form of bacteria that allows survival in harsh conditions
question
What are plasmids?
answer
Additional circles of DNA
Not part of bacterial DNA
Pass resistance or virulence factors
Not part of bacterial DNA
Pass resistance or virulence factors
Order an Essay Now & Get These Features For Free:
Turnitin Report
Formatting
Title Page
Citation
Outline
