question
in anaerobic respiration, there is reduction of ___ to ___
answer
reduction of nitrate to nitrite
question
facultative and aerobic bacteria produce which enzyme to combat oxidative stress
answer
Catalase
question
what is an example of a facultative aerobic bacteria (hint: its also gram positive)
answer
staphylococcus aureus
question
Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Bacteroides fragilis are all obligate ___
answer
obligate anaerobes
question
Campylobacter and Helicobacter are micro__. they are also gram __ rods/bacilli
answer
microaerophilic
gram negative rods/bacilli
gram negative rods/bacilli
question
the 2 spore forming bacteria are ___ and __. which one is anaerobic and which one is aerobic?
answer
Bacillus = aerobic
Clostridium = anaerobic
Clostridium = anaerobic
question
an example of an obligate intracellular bacteria is (1)
answer
chlamydia
question
examples of a facultative intracellular bacteria are (3)
answer
Shigella
salmonella
yersinia
salmonella
yersinia
question
an extracellular bacteria that breaks down host physical barriers is
answer
staphylococcus epidermidis
question
an extracellular bacteria that compromises host immune system is
answer
pseudomonas aeruginosa
question
an extracellular bacteria that disrupts protective gut flora is
answer
clostridioides difficile
question
__toxins are produced by gram positive and negative bacteria
answer
exotoxins
question
__toxins are produced by some gram negative bacteria
answer
endotoxins
question
endotoxins stimulate production of ___ cytokines? hence, high endotoxin levels trigger __ response. these responses are always associated with which gram negative bacteria?
answer
stimulate production of acute-phase cytokines
high levels of endotoxins trigger a toxic response = sepsis
always associated with E coli bacteria
high levels of endotoxins trigger a toxic response = sepsis
always associated with E coli bacteria
question
superantigens are toxins that bind to both __ and __ on antigen-presenting cels
answer
TCRs and MHCII
question
staphylococcus aureus is a superantigen that is associated with ___ toxin
answer
toxic shock syndrome toxin
question
streptococcus pyogenes is a superantigen that is associated with ___ toxin
answer
erythrogenic toxin
question
blood agar culture media assesses presence/degree of ___
answer
blood agar medium assesses hemolysis
question
MacConkey culture medium selects for gram ___ bacteria. a pink stain means a ___ fermenter is present
answer
selects for gram negative bacteria
a pink stain on MacConkey medium means a lactose fermenter is present
a pink stain on MacConkey medium means a lactose fermenter is present
question
E coli
Klebsiella
Enterbactera
these are all types of ___ fermenters
Klebsiella
Enterbactera
these are all types of ___ fermenters
answer
lactose fermenters
will stain pink with MacConkey medium
will stain pink with MacConkey medium
question
chocolate agar medium is a nutritive agar for growth of fastidious bacteria like ___?
answer
Haemophilus influenza
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