Gram negative rods
Oxidase-negative
Glucose fermenters
Reduce nitrate
E. coli
Gram-negative enteric rod
Normal fecal flora, indicator of human fecal contamination (coliform indicator)
#1 nosocomial pathogen
Etiological agent of traveler’s diarrhea
Lactose fermenting gram-negative rod
Oxidase-negative
Indole production
Motile
Urease, VP and Citrate-negative
Gram-negative enteric rod, non-lactose fermenter
Food-borne illness associated with poultry and poultry products
Produces an endotoxin, incubation 12-36 hours
Fecal-oral transmission
can be spread by food handlers who do not wash their hands and/or the surfaces and tools they use between food preparation
Contact with infected animals
In most cases, people recover within 4-7 days without any antibiotics.
Drinking plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration is key
In some cases, antibiotics are used for those with a severe case or those with a weakened immune system such as HIV patients and those undergoing chemotherapy
Gram-negative enteric rod, non-lactose fermenter
Etiological agent of Bacillary Dysentery
Human reservoir only
Gram-negative enteric rods
associated with gastroenteritis, mimics appendicitis and contamination of blood and blood products causing febrile transfusion reaction
agent of bubonic and pneumonic plague
• Etiological agent of swimmer’s ear
• Causes pneumonia in cystic fibrosis patients
• Causes wound infections in burn patients
• Opportunistic pathogen of the immunosuppressed host
• Neutropenic fever
• #4 nosocomial pathogen
• Resistant to many antimicrobial agents
Environmental contaminant, soil, water, including moist hospital environments
May frequently colonize skin
Infection via exposure to contaminated medical devices and solutions
Gram-negative bacilli, oxidase-positive
Grows at 42oC
Produces pyocanin, a blue-green water soluble pigment
Grape-like odor
Cause life-threatening infections in patients with cystic fibrosis or chronic granulomatous disease
Binds mucin from patients with cystic fibrosis
Intrinsic resistance to multiple antibiotics and disinfectant agents promoting organism survival in hospital
Widely distributed in nature including hospital environment
May become established as part of respiratory flora of patients hospitalized for prolonged periods
Colonization of hospitalized patients from environmental factors
Most infections are nosocomial and include catheter-related infections, bacteremia, wound infections, pneumonia, and UTI
Widely distributed in nature including hospital environment
May become established as part of skin and respiratory flora of patients hospitalized for long period
Colonization of hospitalized patients from environmental factors such as medical instrumentation
Nosocomial infections during warm seasons and involve the genitourinary tract, respiratory tract, wounds, soft tissues and bacteremia
Natural habitat is soil, water, foodstuffs, hospital water source, hemodialysis systems, saline solutions and other pharmaceuticals
Not part of human flora
Exposure of patients to contaminated medical devices or solutions
May colonize upper respiratory tract
May be transmitted from birth canal to neonate
Fredricksen’s Waterhouse Syndrome, Meningococcal meningitis and Meningococcemia
Fredricksen’s Waterhouse Syndrome
Gram-negative diplococci, encapsulated
Oxidase-positive
Ferments glucose and maltose
Capnophilic requiring CO2 for growth
gram negative diplococci
- kidney bean shaped
- intracellular
- aerobic
- spread via respiratory droplets
- human nasopharynx only known reservoir
- predominately affects young children or college students
Gram-negative coccobacilli
Requires hemin and NAD for growth
#1 cause of infant bacterial meningitis
Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine(Hib) has been effective to reduce incidence
Organism satellites around Staph aureus
Intracellular pathogen
Faintly staining gram-negative rods
Ubiquitous in fresh water, heating and cooling systems as well as whirlpools
Transmitted by aerosolized water
Opportunistic pathogen of the immunosuppressed host causing pneumonia
Legionella pneumophilia serotype 1 is most common
Gram-negative, bipolar coccobacilli
Requires nicotinic acid for growth
Mercury droplet colony morphology
Etiological agent of whooping cough
Production of fimbriae allow attachment to cilated columnar epithelial cells
Gram-variable rods
Hydrolyzes starch
Etiological agent of bacterial vaginosis
In the presence of potassium hydroxide (KOH) organism produces fishy odor
Gram-negative comma-shaped rods
Etiological agent of cholera
Food-borne illness associated with raw or poorly cooked shell fish
Patient may have rice water stool
Selective culture media is TCBS agar
Gram-negative spiral rods
Associated with gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
Organism survives acidic pH of stomach
Rapidly hydrolyzed urea
Diagnosed by gastric biopsy
Gram-negative spiral rods resembling “seagulls”
Organism is microaerophilic
Optimal growth temperature is 42oC
Oxidase and catalase positive
Causes gastroenteritis, most common in children
Can be food-borne, waterborne or transmitted by puppies
Spirochete
Etiological agent of Lyme Disease
Transmitted by the bite of the deer tick (Ixodes dammini)
Can cause arthritis, carditis, or meningitis
Classic bulls eye rash at the site of tick bite erythema migrans (EM)
Spirochete
Etiological agent of syphilis
Primary lesion is the chancre
Secondary stage more diffuse into lymph nodes
Tertiary syphilis effects the central nervous system
Smallest bacterial cell
Lacks a cell wall
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the etiological agent of primary atypical pneumonia (walking pneumonia)
Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum are sexually transmitted
Colonies have a typical “fried egg” appearance
Very small bacteria
Obligate intracellular parasite
most common sexually transmitted disease in US
is the etiological agent of psittacosis transmitted from birds
causes lower respiratory tract infection (TWAR strain)
Small bacteria
Obligate intracellular parasite
Transmitted by bite of the Dermacentor tick
Rickettsia rickettsia
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