question
Define bacteriuria
answer
presence of bacteria in voided urine when it exceeds normal ranges
question
when would bacteriuria a concern?
answer
...
question
how do UTIs occur?
answer
when normal intestinal flora transplant and invade the urethra then go into the bladder
question
Which microbe most often causes UTIs
answer
E. coli
question
How are UTIs diagnosed?
answer
culturing a urine sample
question
how do you calculate the number of microorganisms/ml in a urine sample?
answer
number of colonies in the culture/.01 ml = # colonies/ml
question
what are 3 potential problems associated with collecting and transporting urine samples?
answer
1. contaminated as it comes out the body
2. good growth medium so needs to be cultured or refrigerated right away
3. contamination by organisms that can mask the presence of other pathogens
2. good growth medium so needs to be cultured or refrigerated right away
3. contamination by organisms that can mask the presence of other pathogens
question
how do you distinguish contamination of urine by normal flora from infections?
answer
determine the number of organisms present per ml of urine
question
why do you refrigerate urine samples?
answer
to prevent overgrowth
question
when do you refrigerate urine samples?
answer
ASAP for up to 24 hours
question
define entrotoxin
answer
a toxin produced in or affecting the intestines
question
define food infection
answer
organisms that enter and multiply in the intestine
question
define food intoxication
answer
ingesting of preformed toxins
question
define superinfection
answer
infection occurring on top of an earlier infection
question
where is STRAPHYLOCOCCUS considered normal flora
answer
skin
mucosal surfaces
upper respiratory tract
mucosal surfaces
upper respiratory tract
question
define trophozoite
answer
the actively growing or vegetative stage of a protozoan
question
define cyst
answer
the dormant stage of a protozoan
question
why is staphylococcal infections are significant?
answer
they present a substantial infection control problem
question
Where is S. aureus normally found?
answer
nares (nostrils)
question
where is S. epidermidis normally found?
answer
skin and mucous membranes
question
what is the pathogenicity of S. aureus?
answer
...
question
what is the pathogenicity of S. epidermidis?
answer
...
question
how is MSA selective?
answer
NaCl makes it selective for staphylococci because the high salinity makes it able to grow
question
how is MSA differential
answer
the sugar mannitol and the pH indicator phenol red. Organisms that can ferment mannitol produce acid byproducts, causing a color change.
question
what test is used to determine if staphylococcus isolate is pathogenic?
answer
cougulase enzyme
question
why is the production of coagulase an advantage for pathogenic Staphylococcus species?
answer
the production of coagulase makes it highly resistant to normal immune responses and antibiotics
question
where is Streptococcus occur as normal flora?
answer
upper respiratory tract
question
what is the basis of transmission for S. pneumoniae?
answer
enters the lungs as a secondary infection
question
what is the basis of transmission for S. pyogenes?
answer
aerosol droplets
question
what is the pathogenicity of S. Pneumoniae?
answer
streptococcus pneumoniae
question
what is the pathogenicity of S. pyogenes?
answer
streptococcus pyogenes
question
what are the 3 different hemolysis?
answer
alpha
beta
gamma
beta
gamma
question
what happens in alpha hemolysis?
answer
partial hemolysis
green zone around colonies
green zone around colonies
question
what happens in beta hemolysis?
answer
complete hemolysis
clear zones
clear zones
question
what happens in gamma hemolysis?
answer
no hemolysis
no change
no change
question
what test is used to differentiate Staphylococcus and Streptococcus?
answer
catalase
only staphylococcus produces the enzyme
only staphylococcus produces the enzyme
question
what test is used to differentiate pathogenic S. pyogenes from other hemolytic Streptococcus?
answer
bacitracin
question
what test is used to differentiate pathogenic S. pneumoniae from other hemolytic Streptococcus?
answer
optiochin
question
define bacteremia
answer
bacteria in the blood
question
define septicemia
answer
growth of bacteria in the blood
question
define local infection
answer
pathogens are limited to a small area of the body
question
define focal infection
answer
systemic infection that began as a local infection
question
define systemic infections
answer
An infection in which the infecting agent or organisms circulate throughout the body.
question
how can a bacterial infection cause a systemic illness without infecting the blood?
give an example
give an example
answer
the bacterium produces and releases an exotoxin
clostridium tetani
clostridium tetani
question
why is it important to disinfect a wound before culturing?
answer
to determine the difference between the organism causing infection and normal skin flora
question
why are wounds disinfected spiraling out?
answer
to move normal skin flora away from the wound
question
how does Streptococcus causes dental caries
answer
Strep uses the glucose to ferment which produces a organic acid which causes damage to the enamal
question
how is S. Mutans incubated in a candle jar?
answer
its incubated in a jar for 72-96 hours
to increase the CO2
to increase the CO2
question
what make MSB selective
answer
selective to grow S. mutans
question
describe the colonies on MSB
answer
small black to blue
raised and rough
looks like burnt sugar
raised and rough
looks like burnt sugar
question
describe S. mutans on a SBAP
answer
the presence of a drop of liquid polysaccharide on top of the surrounding colony
question
describe S. salivarius on a SBAP
answer
large
raised
mucoid
raised
mucoid
question
describe S. anguis on a SBAP
answer
glistenin colonies surrounded by an indentation
question
calculate the number of colonies per ml in saliva
answer
colony forming units per ml = number of colonies/amount plated
question
list 3 characterizes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
answer
fastidious
gram negative diplociccus
obligate human pathogen
gram negative diplociccus
obligate human pathogen
question
why can you not get gonorrhoeae from toilets?
answer
...
question
define reportable disease
answer
a disease that is easily transmittable and must be reported to state and/or federal governments
question
how is N. gonorrhoeae identified?
answer
the basis of the biochemical reaction of the culture
question
how is N. gonorrhea identified bedside?
answer
from a gram negative diplococci seen within polymorphonuclear leukcytes
question
what are 2 reasons food manufactures decontaminate food as a routine part of processing?
answer
reduce the risk of illness
improve shelf life
improve shelf life
question
what is an example of food infections?
answer
pathogenic E. coli
question
what is an example of food intoxication?
answer
S. aureus
question
whay can you eat rare steak but not rare ground beef?
answer
fecal matter contamination on the surface of the meat gets mixed through out the ground beef
question
define biological oxygen demand
answer
the amount of oxygen microorganisms use when they metabolize the organic material in water or milk
question
What is pasturization
answer
The partial sterilization of a substance by increasing the temperature
question
what is pasturization used for
answer
increase shelf life
kill microbes
kill microbes
question
what is methylene blue test?
answer
test the amount of oxygen in milk
the brighter the blue the more oxygen
the less oxygen the more bacterial growth
the brighter the blue the more oxygen
the less oxygen the more bacterial growth
question
what is the function of indicator organisms?
answer
indicate the possible presence of human pathogens in water
question
what organism is typically used as an indicator of fecal contamination in water?
answer
E. coli
question
why is e. coli the indicator for water contamination?
answer
there should be no e.coli in water
question
what makes EMB selective?
answer
sugar encourages fecal growth (E. coli)
dyes inhibit gram positive organism growth
dyes inhibit gram positive organism growth
question
what makes EMB differential
answer
lactose fermentation
question
what is the filtration method of screening water?
answer
filter water in a vacuum pump with filter
place filter on a EMB plate
incubate
place filter on a EMB plate
incubate
question
what is the colilert method?
answer
rapid test for e. coli
place water in bottle with colilert medium
mix and incubate
look for visible change to bright yellow
observe under light
place water in bottle with colilert medium
mix and incubate
look for visible change to bright yellow
observe under light
question
define yeast
answer
single celled fungi
question
define mold
answer
multicellular fungi
question
define superinfection
answer
over growth of the colon when antibiotics have killed off the normal bacterial residents
candida albicans
candida albicans
question
how are fungi identified?
answer
colony morphology
microscopic characterists
microscopic characterists
question
how do you differentiate between a yeast and bacterial colony?
answer
by size
yeast are bigger than bacteria
yeast are bigger than bacteria
question
where are fungi normally found?
answer
in the body
on food(breads)
in the mouth (thrush)
on food(breads)
in the mouth (thrush)
question
define dimorphic fungi
answer
display both morphologies depending on environmental conditions
question
which food poisoning is defined as the ingestion of preformed toxins which are produced when bacteria grow to high numbers in the food?
answer
food intoxification
question
what test is used by the milk industry to test their products after pasteurization?
answer
methlyene blue reduction
question
Eosin Methlene blue agar (EMB) is _________ because it contains the sugar lactose. Colonies that can ferment lactose appear pink while thats that do not appear colorless or the color of the medium.
answer
differential
question
which is a primarily multicellular filamentous organisms?
answer
mold
question
the amount of oxygen microorganisms use when they metabolize the organic material in water of milk is known as?
answer
biological oxygen demand
question
_________ is a heat treatment process that destroys pathogenic microorganisms?
answer
pasteruization
question
which food poisining is a result from the ingestion of preformed food toxins which are produced when bacteria grow to high numbers in the food?
answer
food intoxications
question
what is the test used by the milk industry to test their products after pasterurization?
answer
methylene blue reduction
question
which food poisoning occurs when microorganisms enter and multiply in the intestine resulting in gastrointestinal upset and sometimes fever?
answer
food infections
question
Eosin Methylene blue agar (EMB) is ________ because it contains bile salts to which most enterics are resistance to given their natural habitat, the bowel.
answer
selective
question
some fungi display both morphologies of yeast and molds depending on environmental conditions. These are known as ______
answer
dimorphic
question
which organism is typically used as an indicator of fecal contamination in water because it is found in the intestines of all humans and most mammals?
answer
E. Coli
question
Which fungi is a singular cell organism?
answer
yeast
question
which fungi is a multicellular filamentous organism?
answer
molds
question
bacteria present in the urine is known as______
answer
bacteriruia
question
intestinal parasites are identical by their morphological characteristics. for many of the protozoans 2 morphologically distinct stages occur in the life cycle. which is the dormant stage?
answer
cyst
question
lab diagnosis of urinary tract infections is made by culturing urine. to distinguish contamination of urine by normal urogenital flora from urinary tract infection caused by the same organisms, it is necessary to determine _______
answer
bacteria per ml
question
an infection which is due to a sudden decrease in the normal intestinal flora following the treatment with broad spectrum antibiotic is called
answer
superinfection
question
intestinal parasites are identified by their morphological characteristics. for many of the protozoans 2 morphologically distinct stages occur in the life cycle. Which is the phase that is actively growing or vegetative?
answer
tropozite
question
bacterial agents often cause illness by producing _______ either in the food prior to ingestion or in the gut upon infection.
answer
enterotoxin
question
why is it important to refrigerate urine samples?
answer
prevent growth of bacteriuria that would lead to a false positive
question
UTIs most often occur when normal intestinal flora present on the external urogenital surfaces become transplanted, invade the urethra, and then ascend into the bladder. Which intestinal bacteria is by far the most frequent causative agent?
answer
E. coli
question
which hemolysis has hemolysis that cause complete lysis of red blood cells resulting in clear zones around colonies?
answer
beta
question
by determining the number of organisms present per ml of urine it is possible to distinguish between 2 possibilities.
answer
normal flora during sample collection
bacteria in the bladder or kidneys
bacteria in the bladder or kidneys
question
What makes the MSA plate selective for staphylococci since most other bacteria cannot survive the high concentrations of what ingredient?
answer
sodium chloride
NaCl
NaCl
question
what is the definitive test for pathogenic staphylococci?
answer
coagulase
question
which hemolysis are non hemolytic, with no lysis or clearing of any kind?
answer
gama hemolysis
question
which of the following is more and more commonly found in the nose and is asymptomatically found in 1-2% of te population?
answer
MASA
question
a throat culture is preformed on a patient to determine the presence of which organisms>
answer
S. pyogenes
question
MSA plates differentiate staphylococcal species based on their ability to do what activity?
answer
mannitol fermentation
question
which hemolysis has hemolysins that cause martial lysis of the red blood cells resulting in a translucent green zone around colonies?
answer
alpha hemolysis
question
a nasal culture is preformed on a patient on a patient to determine the presence of which organism?
answer
S. pyogenes
question
why are wounds disinfected using a spiral pattern?
answer
to move normal flora away from the wound
question
formation of dental caries is due to the production of what by the bacteria?
answer
organic acid
question
true or false
neisseria gonorrhoeae occurs as an intracellular diplococcus and detection of diplococci within the polymorphonuclear leukocytes is a diagnostic characteristics.
neisseria gonorrhoeae occurs as an intracellular diplococcus and detection of diplococci within the polymorphonuclear leukocytes is a diagnostic characteristics.
answer
true
question
deep wounds create the perfect environment for which type of bacteria?
answer
anaerobic
question
MSB is mitis salivarius bacitracin agar, which inhibits the growth of most oral bacteria except S. mutans. This means that MSB is _______ for S. mutans.
answer
selective
question
what are the characteristics of N. gonorrhoeae
answer
fastidious
gram negative diplococcus
obligate human pathogen
gram negative diplococcus
obligate human pathogen
question
before collection of a specimen, it is necessary to do what to the area around the wound?
answer
disinfect
question
why are S. mutants incubated in a candle jar?
answer
to increase the CO2 in the environment
question
due to the ease of transmission from one human to another N. gonorrhoeae is one of the organisms on the list of reportable diseases? what does this mean?
answer
infections must be reported to the state or federal goventment
question
define reportable disease
answer
...
question
why can you not get gonorrhoeae from toilets?
answer
it does not live outside the body
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