question
What is the function of Peptidoglycan
answer
- rigid support against osmotic pressure
question
What is the chemical composition of peptidoglycan
answer
- sugar backbone, peptide side chains cross-linked by transpeptidase
question
What is the function of cell wall/membrane in gram (+)
answer
- major surface antigen
question
What is the structure of cell wall/membrane in gram (+)
answer
- Peptidoglycan for support
- Lipoteichoic acid induces TNF and IL-1
- Lipoteichoic acid induces TNF and IL-1
question
What is the function of outer membrane in gram (-)
answer
- site of endotoxin (LPS)
- major surface antigen
- major surface antigen
question
What is the structure of outer membrane in gram (-)
answer
- Lipid A induces TNF and IL-1
- O polysaccharide is the antigen
- O polysaccharide is the antigen
question
What is the function of plasma membrane
answer
- site of oxidative and transport enzymes
question
What is the structure of plasma membrane
answer
- phospholipid bilayer
question
What is the function of ribosomes
answer
- protein synth
question
What is the structure of ribosomes
answer
50s and 30s
question
periplasm -- function
answer
space between the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in gram (-)
question
periplasm -- composition
answer
hydrolytic enzymes including beta-lactamases
question
capsule -- function
answer
protect against phagocytosis
question
capsule -- composition + exception
answer
polysaccharide (except bacillus anthracis which contains D-glutamate)
question
pilus/fimbria -- function
answer
mediate adherence of bacteria to cell surface, sex pilus
question
pilus/fimbria -- composition
answer
glycoprotein
question
flagellum -- function
answer
motility
question
flagellum -- composition
answer
protein (9:2 microtubules)
question
spore -- function
answer
resistant to dehydration, heat, chemicals
question
spore -- composition
answer
keratin-like coat
dipicolinic acid
peptidoglycan
dipicolinic acid
peptidoglycan
question
plasmid -- function
answer
variety of genes for antibiotic resistance, enzymes, toxins
question
plasmid -- composition
answer
DNA
question
glycocalyx -- function
answer
adherence to surfaces (especially foreign)
question
glycocalyx -- composition
answer
polysaccharide
question
what do gram (+) bact contain that gram (-) don't have
answer
- lipoteichoic acid -- combo of lipids and teichoic acids
question
What do gram (-) have that gram (+) don't
answer
- endotoxin/LPS (an outer membrane)
- periplasm -- space between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane
- periplasm -- space between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane
question
What structures are common to both (+) and (-)
answer
- flagellum
- pilus
- capsule
- peptidoglycan
- cytoplasmic membrane
- pilus
- capsule
- peptidoglycan
- cytoplasmic membrane
question
What forms the cell wall in both gram (+) and (-)
answer
peptidoglycan
question
In which is cell wall thicker? gram (+) or (-)
answer
gram (+)
question
Gram (+) cocci - names
answer
staph, strep
question
Gram (-) cocci - names
answer
neisseria
question
Gram (+) rods - names
answer
clostridium, corynebacterium, bacillus, listeria, mycobacterium (acid fast), gardnerella (gram variable)
"Rod, are you positive you back list'd my closet corn garden"
"Rod, are you positive you back list'd my closet corn garden"
question
Three types of gram (-) rods
answer
Enterics, Respiratory, Zoonic
question
Branching filamentous gram (+) -- names
answer
actinomyces
nocardia (weakly acid fast)
nocardia (weakly acid fast)
question
Pleomorphic -- names and taxonomy
answer
rickettsiae, chlamydiae
- gram (-)
- gram (-)
question
Staining for pleomorphic bacteria
answer
giemsa
question
Spiral morphology -- names and taxonomy
answer
spirochetes: leptospira, borrelia, treponema
Gram (-)
Gram (-)
question
Staining for borrelia
answer
giemsa
question
What is unusual about mycoplasm's cell membrane/wall
answer
- contains sterols
- no cell wall
- no cell wall
question
What is unusual about mycobacteria's cell membrane/wall
answer
- mycolic acid
- high lipid content
- high lipid content
question
Gram stain limitations: bact that don't gram stain -- names
answer
"My My Rick Trepped on a Chlam and broke a Leg"
- Mycoplasma
- Mycobacterium
- Treponema
- Chlamydia
- Legionella
- Mycoplasma
- Mycobacterium
- Treponema
- Chlamydia
- Legionella
question
Why are those bacteria not visible in gram stain
answer
- Mycoplasma -- no cell wall
- Mycobacterium -- high lipid content
- Treponema -- too thin
- Chlamydia -- intracellular and lacks muramic acid
- Legionella -- intracellular
- Mycobacterium -- high lipid content
- Treponema -- too thin
- Chlamydia -- intracellular and lacks muramic acid
- Legionella -- intracellular
question
What stain would work on mycobacterium
answer
carbolfuchsin in acid-fast stain
question
What allows treponemes to be visualized
answer
dark-field microscopy, and FAS (fluorescent antibody staining)
question
What would stain legionella
answer
silver stain
question
What does giemsa stain
answer
chlamydia, borrelia, rickettsiae, trypanosomes, plasmodium
clam bor rick try plas
"when RICK is BORed he'll TRY to PLAy with Giemsa's CHLAMs
clam bor rick try plas
"when RICK is BORed he'll TRY to PLAy with Giemsa's CHLAMs
question
What does PAS stain
answer
periodic acid-Schiff:
- stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides and diagnoses Whipple's dz
- Tropheryma whipplei
- stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides and diagnoses Whipple's dz
- Tropheryma whipplei
question
Ziehl - Neelson -- other name and what does it stain
answer
carbol fuchsin
- nocardia, mycobacterium
- nocardia, mycobacterium
question
Silver stain -- what does it stain
answer
fungi (pneumocystis)
legionella
H. pylori
legionella
H. pylori
question
What is h.influenzae cultured on
answer
chocolate agar w/ factor V (NAD) and X (hematin)
question
What is cultured on Thayer Martin media
answer
N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis
question
What is the other name for Thayer Martin media and why
answer
VPN:
- Vancomycin: inhibits growth of gram (+)
- Polymixin: inhibits growth of gram (-) **except Neisseria
- Nyastatin: inhibits growth of fungi
- Vancomycin: inhibits growth of gram (+)
- Polymixin: inhibits growth of gram (-) **except Neisseria
- Nyastatin: inhibits growth of fungi
question
What does B.pertussis grow on
answer
Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar "use bordet for bordetella"
question
What does c.dipth grow on
answer
tellurite plate, loffler's media
"tell loffler if you c.dips"
"tell loffler if you c.dips"
question
What agar do you use for M.tuberculosis
answer
lowenstein jensen
question
Eaton's agar is for what
answer
M.pneumoniae
question
MacConkey's agar is used for what?
answer
lactose-fermenting enterics such as E.coli
question
what two agars grow e.coli?
answer
MacConkey's and Eosin-Methylene Blue (EMB)
question
What is charcoal yeast extract agar for and what does it require?
answer
legionella, requires cysteine and iron
question
Fungi is grown on what agar
answer
Sabourauds (sab's a fun gi)
question
Obligate aerobes -- names
answer
- Nocardia
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Bacillus
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Bacillus
question
Where is P.aeruginosa seen?
answer
an aerobe seen in burn wounds
complications of diabetes
nosocomial pneumonia
pneumonias in cystic fibrosis
complications of diabetes
nosocomial pneumonia
pneumonias in cystic fibrosis
question
What occurs in reactivation of M.tuberculosis
answer
- occurs after immune compromise or TNF alpha inhibitor use
- reactivation in apices of the lung (highest PO2)
- reactivation in apices of the lung (highest PO2)
question
Obligate anaerobes -- names
answer
- Clostridium
- Bacteroides
- Actinomyces
- Bacteroides
- Actinomyces
question
Obligate anaerobes -- why are they classified as such?
answer
- lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase and are susceptible to oxidative damage
question
Obligate anaerobes -- characteristics
answer
foul-smelling, difficult to culture and produce gas in tissue (CO2 and H2)
question
Which antibiotics are ineffective and why
answer
aminoglycosides are ineffective because require O2
question
Intracellular bacteria -- names of obligate
answer
- Rickettsia
- Chlamydia
- Chlamydia
question
Intracellular bacteria -- names of facultative
answer
- Salmonella
- Neisseria
- Brucella
- Mycobacterium
- Listeria
- Francisella
- Legionella
- Yersinia pestis
- Neisseria
- Brucella
- Mycobacterium
- Listeria
- Francisella
- Legionella
- Yersinia pestis
question
What is a positive quellung reaction
answer
if encapsulated bacteria is present, capsule swells when specific anticapsular antisera are added
question
Encapsulated bacteria -- names
answer
- S.pneumoniae
- Strep group B (agalactae)
- H.influenzae type B
- Neisseria meningitidis
- E.coli
- Salmonella
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Strep group B (agalactae)
- H.influenzae type B
- Neisseria meningitidis
- E.coli
- Salmonella
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
question
How are encapsulated bacteria cleared
answer
opsonized then cleared by spleen
question
what occurs in asplenia with bacterial infections + how to prevent
answer
- decreased opsonizing ability so risk for severe infections.
- give S.pneumonia H.influenzae and N. meningitidis vaccine
- give S.pneumonia H.influenzae and N. meningitidis vaccine
question
Catalase positive organisms -- names
answer
pseudomonas, listeria, aspergillus, candida, e.coli, staph aureous, serratia
question
Catalase -- mechanism
answer
degrades H2O2 before it can be converted to microbicidal products by myeloperoxidase
question
What occurs in chronic granulomatous dz?
answer
NADPH oxidase deficiency therefore have recurrent infections with these microbes because they degrade the limited H2O2
question
Name examples of conjugated vaccines
answer
Prevnat, H.influenzae type B, meningiococcal vaccine
question
Urease positive bacteria -- names
answer
cryptococcus,
- h.pylori
- proteus
- ureaplasma
- nocardia
- klebsiella
- Staph. epidermidis
- Staph. saprophyticus
- h.pylori
- proteus
- ureaplasma
- nocardia
- klebsiella
- Staph. epidermidis
- Staph. saprophyticus
question
pigment producing bacteria
answer
actinomyces israeli -- yellow sulfur granules of bacteria filaments
staph aureus - yellow pigment
pseudomonal aeruginosa - green/blue
serratia marcescens - red
staph aureus - yellow pigment
pseudomonal aeruginosa - green/blue
serratia marcescens - red
question
Protein A -- mechanism
answer
virulence factor
- binds Fc region of Ig
- prevents opsonization and phagocytosis
- binds Fc region of Ig
- prevents opsonization and phagocytosis
question
what expresses Protein A
answer
staph aureus
question
IgA protease -- mechanism
answer
cleaves IgA, in order to colonize respiratory mucosa
question
What secretes IgA protease?
answer
S. Pneumoniae
H influenza type B
Neisseria
H influenza type B
Neisseria
question
M protein -- mechanism
answer
helps prevent phagocytosis
question
What expresses M Protein
answer
Group A strep (pyogenes, which is beta hemolytic.)
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