Normal Flora
fungi and bacteria that benefit human health
urethra
source of carbon/sugar, oxygen, surface area
what are the locations of the human microbiome
stomach/ large intestine/ colon: nonpathogenic: lactobacilli, streptococci, candida albicans, yeast, bacteroides, bifidobacterium, eubacterium
May place a role in obesity & diabetes
skin microbiome
pathogenic: staphlococcus aureus which can cause abscesses in the skin
anaerobic bacteria in deep dermal layer/follicles
respiratory tract microbiome
nose/ mouth/ throat:
staphlococcus aureus, viridians streptococci, nesseria species, streptococcus epidermis
staphylococcus aureus in genitourinary tract
opportunistic pathogens
only cause disease in immunocompromised
virulence
number of organisms required to cause disease
virulence factor
enzymes, toxins that allow pathogen to colonize host
exotoxins
lipopolysaccharides that make up a portion of the cell wall of gram (-) bacteria
communicable
highly communicable
determinants of bacterial pathogenesis
Transmission, Adherence to Cell Surfaces, Invasion/ Inflammation/ Intracellular Survival,
Toxin Production,
Immunopathogenesis
transmission
fomites
Invasion/ inflammation/ intracellular survival virulence factors
staphlococcus aureus
exotoxins: gram (+) and (-) polypeptides
endotoxins: gram (-) rods and cocci lipopolysaccharide
exotoxins may be treated with
formaldehyde to form toxoids, which are used in vaccines
immunopathogenesis
example of immunopathogenesis
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Turnitin Report
Formatting
Title Page
Citation
Outline
