question
Sterlization
answer
The process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores.
-inanimate surfaces
uses heat or chemicals
-inanimate surfaces
uses heat or chemicals
question
Disinfection
answer
A process that eliminates many or all microorganisms, with the exception of bacteria spores, from inanimate objects
(kills bactereia)
-requires timed exposure
-higher toxicity
-breaks membranes
(kills bactereia)
-requires timed exposure
-higher toxicity
-breaks membranes
question
antiseptic
answer
chemicals that destory or slow the growth/action of pathogens on animate surfaces
question
sanitization
answer
cleansing technique that reduces (lowers the amount) microorganisms(bacteria) from inanimate surfaces
(reduce germs(bacterial load))
(reduce germs(bacterial load))
question
Degermination
answer
cleansing technique that reduces/ lowers amount of microbes/bacteria on living surfaces
question
germicide
answer
chemical agent that kills pathogens on inanimate and animate surfaces
question
Decontamination
answer
destruction, removal, or reduction of microorganisms regardless of method
question
cell death
answer
permanent loss of reproductive capability
question
Log phase of bacterial growth
answer
The second of the four phases of bacterial growth, in which cells divide at an exponential rate.
question
-static
answer
not moving, active, or in motion; at rest
(no bact. growth)
(no bact. growth)
question
-cidal
answer
to kill
question
thermal death time
answer
shortest time it takes to kill all organisms at a specific temp
question
thermal death point
answer
lowest temperature requires to kill all microbes in a sample at 10 minutes
question
Moist Heat Sterilization
answer
high temp and pressure generated by water
denatures proteins and destroy membranes
denatures proteins and destroy membranes
question
dry heat sterilization
answer
kills by oxidation and dehydration
question
Oxidation
answer
loss of electrons
question
boiling
answer
moist heat sterilization that reduces microbial load (reduce pathogens)
question
Pasteurization
answer
treating a substance with moist heat to kill or slow the growth of pathogens without affecting products (like food)
question
Flash method pasteurization
answer
71.6C for 15 seconds
-doesnt sterlize
-doesnt sterlize
question
Ultrahigh method of pasteurization
answer
134 C for 1-2 sec
-sterilizes
-sterilizes
question
ionizing radiation
answer
high energy radiation that has enough energy to remove and electron from an atom or molecule, causing it to become ___ed.
question
nonionizing radiation
answer
UV light is an example
damages DNA by creating thymine dimers
damages DNA by creating thymine dimers
question
Depth filters
answer
layers thick layers of meshwork filters that remove microorganisms by physical screening, entrapment, and/or adsorption
-filters of larger particles to reduce contaminates
-filters of larger particles to reduce contaminates
question
membrane filters
answer
porous membranes with very small pore sizes that remove microorganisms primarily by physical screening
-uses strong polymers that have set pores in it
-uses strong polymers that have set pores in it
question
Halogens
answer
Contains nonmetals, 7 valence electrons in it's outermost energy level. Very reactive
(column 7)
(column 7)
question
chloramines
answer
disinfectants used for treating water
question
Hypochlorite
answer
widley used disinfecting agent that is exensivly used
question
vegitative cell
answer
activley living, growing and metabolizing
question
oxidation
answer
breaks bonds
question
chemotherapeutic drug
answer
any chemical used in the treatment, relief or prophylaxis (prevention) of a disease
question
antimicrobials
answer
an all inclusive term describing a drug regardless of its origin for the treatment of disease
question
antibiotics
answer
substance produced by the natural metabolic processes of some microbes that can inhibit or destroy another microorganism
question
semisynthetic drug
answer
a drug that is modified after being isolated from a natural source
question
synthetic drug
answer
a drug chemically created in a lab
question
selective toxicity
answer
killing harmful microbes without damaging the host
question
broad spectrum antibiotics
answer
affect a broad range of gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria
-create superinfections
-create superinfections
question
Narrow spectrum antibiotics
answer
Effective against specific bacteria
-target 1 thing
-target 1 thing
question
zone of inhibition
answer
Region around a chemical saturated disc, where bacteria are unable to grow due to adverse effects of the compound in the disc.
question
synergism
answer
combination of two drugs causes an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug alone
question
penicillins
answer
composed of B-lactam ring, thiazolidine ring and R group
-R group will be different-> gives different uses and makes unique
-R group will be different-> gives different uses and makes unique
question
beta lactam drugs
answer
-action: penicillin will bind transpeptidase ( def-what will cross link NAM); prevents cross linking, leads to lysis
-cidal (all penicillins are -cidal)
-cidal (all penicillins are -cidal)
question
penicillin G
answer
-antibiotic produced by penicillin
-advantages: good againsts many gram + cells, low cost and easy, reach effective concentrations quickly, penentrates most regions, low toxicity, excreted once removed
-disadvantages: resistance, injection only bc its acid labile, allergies
-advantages: good againsts many gram + cells, low cost and easy, reach effective concentrations quickly, penentrates most regions, low toxicity, excreted once removed
-disadvantages: resistance, injection only bc its acid labile, allergies
question
penicillin V
answer
advantages: same as penicillin G, stable in acid (can take orally)
disadvantages: resistance same as pen G, concentration in tissues is less- absorbtion tissues
disadvantages: resistance same as pen G, concentration in tissues is less- absorbtion tissues
question
amoxicillin
answer
-general: common in children, good absorbtion and stable in acid so can take oraly, good distribution so it cmaintains conc. in body
-uses: ear infections and childs respiratory infection
-uses: ear infections and childs respiratory infection
question
cephalosporins
answer
cell wall inhibiters
general: the natural antibiotic is produced by cephalosporium, most in use today are semi synthetics
structure: b lactam ring, dihyrothiazine ring, 2 R groups (the structure helps to provide greate B- lactamase resistance)
-sidal
toxicity: same as penicllins, less allergie reactions
administration: most need to be injected because poor absorbtion
-have five generations
general: the natural antibiotic is produced by cephalosporium, most in use today are semi synthetics
structure: b lactam ring, dihyrothiazine ring, 2 R groups (the structure helps to provide greate B- lactamase resistance)
-sidal
toxicity: same as penicllins, less allergie reactions
administration: most need to be injected because poor absorbtion
-have five generations
question
cephalexin
answer
first generation cephalosporin
-community aquired infections
-can take orally
-increased acid stability
-use for skin and soft tissue infections and UTIs
-community aquired infections
-can take orally
-increased acid stability
-use for skin and soft tissue infections and UTIs
question
ceftriaxone (rocephin)
answer
Cephalosporin 3rd generation
-for hospital or complicated community aquired infrctions
-broad spectrum
-will cross blood brain barrier
-use in cases with very resistant bacteria
-for hospital or complicated community aquired infrctions
-broad spectrum
-will cross blood brain barrier
-use in cases with very resistant bacteria
question
isoniaszid
answer
mode of action: targets mycolic acid synthesis (acid fast bact has) mycobacterium
spectrum: narrow
bactericidal
administration: given orally or via injection
resistance: usually combined with rifampin and streptomycin, and each drug targets a different target, reducing chance of further resistance
spectrum: narrow
bactericidal
administration: given orally or via injection
resistance: usually combined with rifampin and streptomycin, and each drug targets a different target, reducing chance of further resistance
question
protein synthesis inhibitors
answer
-broad spectrum
-effective due to differences in ribosomes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
-steptomyces commenly produce many of these types of antibiotics
-effective due to differences in ribosomes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
-steptomyces commenly produce many of these types of antibiotics
question
tetracycline
answer
a huge family of drugs
-spectrum: static and broad
-mode of action: blocks A site in translastion (binds to 30 s subunit and stalls translocation
-uses: inexpensive, oral admin, penentrates well, use for wide varitey of intracellular infections
-concerns: overused so lots of resistance
side effects: stain teeth, not for pregoo, cant take with bc
-spectrum: static and broad
-mode of action: blocks A site in translastion (binds to 30 s subunit and stalls translocation
-uses: inexpensive, oral admin, penentrates well, use for wide varitey of intracellular infections
-concerns: overused so lots of resistance
side effects: stain teeth, not for pregoo, cant take with bc
question
normal flora
answer
Microorganisms that reside in or on the body without causing disease
question
transients
answer
type of normal flora that only stays in body for a short time
question
residents
answer
type of flora that is a long term established in body
begins establishment as babdy
avoids immune detection
begins establishment as babdy
avoids immune detection
question
true pathogen
answer
capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses
question
opportunistic pathogens
answer
cause disease when the host's defenses are compromised or when they grow in part of the body that is not natural to them
question
pathogenicity
answer
ability of a microorganism to cause disease
question
Virulence
answer
the extent of pathogenicity
(quantifiable measurement)
(quantifiable measurement)
question
infection
answer
the entry, establishment and multiplication of an organism within a host
question
disease
answer
deviation from health
question
invasion
answer
process of bipassing hosts defenses
question
mucinase
answer
exoensyme that digests the protective coating on mucous membranes
-pathogen then able to establish self
-pathogen then able to establish self
question
hyduronidase
answer
exoenzyme that digests hyaluronic acid (the substnace that "glues" animal cells together-basement membrane)
question
coagulase
answer
exoenzyme that cause clotting of blood and plasma
-bact coats itself in it to avoid detection
-bact coats itself in it to avoid detection
question
exotoxins
answer
toxic substances that bacteria secrete into their environment
gram positive and negative
gram positive and negative
question
Endotoxins
answer
A toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die.
question
Antiphagocytic factors
answer
virulence factors that help pathogens to avoid phagocytes
question
types of virulence factors (help bypass host defenses)
answer
exoenzymes,toxins, antiphagocytic factors, invasion systems, host responce
question
stages of a disease
answer
incubation period, prodromal stage, invasion stage, covalescent stage
question
incubation period
answer
interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms
question
prodromal stage
answer
first and earliest sign of notable symptoms
(most contageous)
(most contageous)
question
invasion stage
answer
- high levels of bacterial multiplication and toxicity
- establishment in the tissues
- more specific signs of a disease
- establishment in the tissues
- more specific signs of a disease
question
convalescent stage
answer
The symptoms subside as the host overcomes the infectious agent
-full immune responce
-slow return to health
-full immune responce
-slow return to health
question
reservior and source
answer
two sources of infections
question
reservior
answer
the primary natural habitat where pathogen originates
question
zoonotic reservior
answer
normally spread between animals and accidently spread to people (70% of all new diseases)
question
human carrier reservoirs
answer
incubation carriers, convalescent carriers, passive carriers, asymptomatic carriers
question
incubation cariiers
answer
spread before they get disease
question
concalescent carriers
answer
spread after symptoms are gone
question
passive carriers
answer
spread by handling articles and then spread to others
question
asymptomatic carrier
answer
shows no symptoms, still spreads organisms
question
nonliving reservoirs
answer
organisms picked up from soil and water reserviors
question
source
answer
object from which the interaction came from to aquire infection
question
contact transmission
answer
the spread of an agent of disease by direct contact, indirect contact, or droplet transmission
question
direct contact transmisson
answer
infected person touches the host directly
question
Verticle transmission
answer
type of direct contact
mother to fetus
mother to fetus
question
indirect contact transmission
answer
refers to situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface
question
fomites
answer
inanimate objects that serve as reservoirs for microbes e.g. contaminated medical equipment
harbor and transmit pathogens
harbor and transmit pathogens
question
Dropet Transmission
answer
type of contact transmission that include droplets, aerosols and droplet nuclei
question
droplets
answer
larger particles expelled; limited travel distance
question
aerosols
answer
fine particles suspended in air ; travel further
question
droplet nuclei
answer
desicated aerosols; remain airborn for a long time
question
vehicle transmission
answer
indirect transmission via inanimate objects
question
airborne
answer
spread pathogen via aerosols or dusts
question
waternborne
answer
contaminateed h20
question
foodborne
answer
contaiminated food
question
fecal oral transmission
answer
food and water borne transmission sometimes categorized as this
question
vector transmission
answer
living organism carries an infectoius agent on its body ad transfers pathogens from host to host
question
biological vector
answer
the carrying animal (usually insects)
-pathogens use these hosts for multiplication
-pathogens use these hosts for multiplication
question
mechanical vectors
answer
animal just pick up and transport the infectious agent without being infected
question
communicable, noncommunicable and nosocomial infections
answer
types of infectious diseases classifications
question
communicable infection
answer
can be passed from host to host
question
non-communicable infection
answer
not passed between hosts; often picked up from non living reserviors
question
nosocomial infections
answer
hospital acquired infections
-caused by opertunists
-caused by opertunists
question
localized infections
answer
organism restricted to one site (acne)
question
systematic infections
answer
pathogen spreads thru body via circulation (chicken pox)
question
focal infections
answer
infection starts at one site, breaks lose and est. self in another site (broken tooth -> endocarditis)
question
mixed infections
answer
combo of multiple microbes producing the disease; synergistic (wound infection)
question
primary/ secondary infections
answer
1 infection leads to another (chicken pox-> shingles)
question
acute
answer
rapid onset, severe symptoms, short lived
question
chronic
answer
progression is slow and symptoms last for a long time
question
subacute
answer
in between acute and chronic
question
Subclinical or Asymptomatic
answer
-no noticeable symptoms
-can often lead to a carrier state
-can often lead to a carrier state
question
prevalence
answer
accumulated total of new and exsisting cases within a defined time with respect to a population
question
incidence
answer
the number of new cases over a certain time as compared with the general healthy population
question
endemic
answer
steady frequency over a long period of time in a geographic locale
question
sporadic
answer
ocassional cases at irregular intervals and locales
question
epidemic
answer
when there is an increasse in disease above what is expected for population and conditions
question
pandemic
answer
epidemic spread across continents
question
mechanism 1: limiting acess to antibiotic
mechanism 2: enzymatic inactivation of drugs
mechanism 3: modification or protection of target
mechanism 4: antibiotic tolerance
mechanism 2: enzymatic inactivation of drugs
mechanism 3: modification or protection of target
mechanism 4: antibiotic tolerance
answer
4 mechanisms that bacteria use for antibiotic resistance
question
outer membrane porins and active efflux pumps
answer
how do bacteria limit acess of antibiotics in mechanism 1
question
beta lactamases and modifying enzymes
answer
how do bact enzematically inactivate drugs in mechanism 2
question
rna methylation and dna synthesis modication
answer
how do bact modify or protect target in mechanism 3
question
change metabolism so cidal drug becomes static
biofilms
biofilms
answer
how do bacteria have antibiotic tolerance in mechanism 4 of antibiotic resistance
question
step 1: portal of entry
step 2: attachment to host
step 3: invasion
step 4: portal of exit
step 2: attachment to host
step 3: invasion
step 4: portal of exit
answer
four events of infection
question
(specific sites bact has)
respiratory tract
GI tract
urogenital portals
parental route
skin
respiratory tract
GI tract
urogenital portals
parental route
skin
answer
key sites for portal of entry
question
virulence factors
answer
traits of a microbe that promote pathogenicity
question
exoenzymes
toxins
antiphagocytic factors
invasion systems
host responce
toxins
antiphagocytic factors
invasion systems
host responce
answer
5 virulence factors
question
mucinase
answer
bacteria exoenzyme that breaks down protective coating on mucose ,membranes
question
hyaluronidase
answer
bacterial exoenzyme that digests hyaluronic acid
-substance that glues animal cells together (basement mebrane)
-substance that glues animal cells together (basement mebrane)
question
incubation period
predromal stage
invasion stage
convalescent (decline) stage
predromal stage
invasion stage
convalescent (decline) stage
answer
stages of diesease
question
incubation period
contact to first symptoms
length varies
dont know ur sick
contact to first symptoms
length varies
dont know ur sick
answer
first stage of disease
question
predromal stage
first/ earliest signs of notable symptoms
very short
first/ earliest signs of notable symptoms
very short
answer
second stage of disease
question
Signs
answer
observed and seen indicator of disease
question
symptom
answer
felt by patient indecator of disease
question
invasion stage
multiplication and growth at highest
immune system not fully involved
highest level of toxicty from bact
multiplication and growth at highest
immune system not fully involved
highest level of toxicty from bact
answer
third stage of disease
question
convalescent (decline) stage
full immune respince
slow return to health
rebuild, regrow, reset
full immune respince
slow return to health
rebuild, regrow, reset
answer
4th stage of disease
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