question
Endotoxins are
Specific in their method of action.
Part of the gram-negative cell wall.
Excreted from the cell.
None of the above.
Specific in their method of action.
Part of the gram-negative cell wall.
Excreted from the cell.
None of the above.
answer
Part of the gram-negative cell wall.
question
Which of the following statements is false?
Leukocidins destroy neutrophils.
Hemolysins lyse red blood cells.
Hyaluronidase breaks down substances between cells.
Kinase destroys fibrin clots.
Coagulase destroys blood clots.
Leukocidins destroy neutrophils.
Hemolysins lyse red blood cells.
Hyaluronidase breaks down substances between cells.
Kinase destroys fibrin clots.
Coagulase destroys blood clots.
answer
Coagulase destroys blood clots. Coagulase enables the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
question
How does Streptococcus pneumoniae avoid destruction by the host immune system?
It resists phagocytosis.
It produces a capsule, which makes it undetectable by the immune system.
It alters its surface antigens frequently.
all of the above
It resists phagocytosis.
It produces a capsule, which makes it undetectable by the immune system.
It alters its surface antigens frequently.
all of the above
answer
Streptococcus pneumoniae produces a capsule, which makes it undetectable by the immune system.
question
Septic shock due to gram-positive bacteria is caused by
A-B toxins.
Lipid A.
Membrane-disrupting toxins.
Superantigens.
All of the above.
A-B toxins.
Lipid A.
Membrane-disrupting toxins.
Superantigens.
All of the above.
answer
Superantigens.
question
Which of the following is not a membrane-disrupting toxin?
A-B toxin
Hemolysin
Leucocidin
Streptolysin O
Streptolysin S
A-B toxin
Hemolysin
Leucocidin
Streptolysin O
Streptolysin S
answer
A-B toxin
question
Which disease is NOT correctly matched with its common portal of entry?
poliomyelitis; mucous membranes of gastrointestinal tract
diphtheria; mucous membranes of the respiratory tract
tetanus; parenteral route
cholerae; skin
influenza; conjunctiva of the eyes
poliomyelitis; mucous membranes of gastrointestinal tract
diphtheria; mucous membranes of the respiratory tract
tetanus; parenteral route
cholerae; skin
influenza; conjunctiva of the eyes
answer
cholerae; skin
question
The ID50 for Yersinia pestis is 100 cells; the ID50 for Vibrio cholerae is 5000 cells; the ID50 for Salmonella typhymurium is 300 cells. Which of the following causes the most severe infection?
Yersinia pestis
Vibrio cholerae
Salmonella typhymurium
The severity of the infection cannot be determined with the information provided.
Yersinia pestis
Vibrio cholerae
Salmonella typhymurium
The severity of the infection cannot be determined with the information provided.
answer
The severity of the infection cannot be determined with the information provided.
question
What is the LD50 for the bacterial toxin tested
Dilution (µg/kg) No. of experimental hosts No. of dead experimental hosts
1 200 0
5 185 2
15 210 60
50 170 85
100 240 100
a
b
c
d
e
Dilution (µg/kg) No. of experimental hosts No. of dead experimental hosts
1 200 0
5 185 2
15 210 60
50 170 85
100 240 100
a
b
c
d
e
answer
d
question
The ID50 for cutaneous anthrax due to Bacillus anthracis is 10-50 endospores, while the ID50 for inhalation anthrax is 10,000 to 20,000 endospores. This means that ________.
inhalation anthrax is easier to acquire than cutaneous anthrax
cutaneous anthrax is easier to acquire than inhalation anthrax
cutaneous and inhalation anthrax are equally easy to acquire
neither cutaneous or inhalation anthrax can easily be acquired.
not enough information is available to answer this question
inhalation anthrax is easier to acquire than cutaneous anthrax
cutaneous anthrax is easier to acquire than inhalation anthrax
cutaneous and inhalation anthrax are equally easy to acquire
neither cutaneous or inhalation anthrax can easily be acquired.
not enough information is available to answer this question
answer
cutaneous anthrax is easier to acquire than inhalation anthrax
question
A drug that binds to mannose on human cells would prevent
the entrance of vibrio enterotoxin
the attachment of pathogenic E. coli
the action of botulinum toxin
streptococcal pneumonia
the action of diphtheria toxin
the entrance of vibrio enterotoxin
the attachment of pathogenic E. coli
the action of botulinum toxin
streptococcal pneumonia
the action of diphtheria toxin
answer
the attachment of pathogenic E. coli
question
Tetanus will not occur in the tissue of the small intestine because
the portal of entry for the tetanus spores was incorrect.
the body's white blood cells are particularly active.
lymph does not flow through the intestine.
the organisms do not produce toxins in this area.
the portal of entry for the tetanus spores was incorrect.
the body's white blood cells are particularly active.
lymph does not flow through the intestine.
the organisms do not produce toxins in this area.
answer
the portal of entry for the tetanus spores was incorrect.
question
Which of the following organisms doesn't produce an exotoxin?
Salmonella typhi
Clostridium botulinum
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Clostridium tetani
Staphylococcus aureus
Salmonella typhi
Clostridium botulinum
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Clostridium tetani
Staphylococcus aureus
answer
Salmonella typhi doesn't produce an exotoxin.
question
The organisms of diphtheria and ______ are known for their production of _______.
typhoid fever; antitoxins
typhoid fever; exotoxins
tetanus; antitoxins
tetanus; exotoxins
typhoid fever; antitoxins
typhoid fever; exotoxins
tetanus; antitoxins
tetanus; exotoxins
answer
tetanus; exotoxins
question
The most frequently used portal of entry for pathogens is the
Mucous membranes of the respiratory tract.
Mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract.
Skin.
Parenteral route.
All are used equally.
Mucous membranes of the respiratory tract.
Mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract.
Skin.
Parenteral route.
All are used equally.
answer
Mucous membranes of the respiratory tract.
question
Which of the following is not considered entry via the parenteral route?
Injection
Bite
Surgery
Hair follicle
None of the above
Injection
Bite
Surgery
Hair follicle
None of the above
answer
Hair follicle
question
Which of the following allow(s) bacteria to invade deeper tissues?
neurotoxins
coagulase
lipid A
streptokinase
collagenase
neurotoxins
coagulase
lipid A
streptokinase
collagenase
answer
collagenase
question
Why do many pathogens prefer the mucous membranes rather than the skin as a portal of entry?
Cells of mucous membranes are living.
Mucous membranes are generally thinner than the skin.
Mucous membranes are moist and warm.
Mucous membranes have more attachment molecules.
A, B, and C are correct.
Cells of mucous membranes are living.
Mucous membranes are generally thinner than the skin.
Mucous membranes are moist and warm.
Mucous membranes have more attachment molecules.
A, B, and C are correct.
answer
A, B, and C are correct.
Cells of mucous membranes are living.
Mucous membranes are generally thinner than the skin.
Mucous membranes are moist and warm.
Cells of mucous membranes are living.
Mucous membranes are generally thinner than the skin.
Mucous membranes are moist and warm.
question
Which of the following is true for exotoxins?
Weakly immunogenetic
Heat stable
Effect on host similar for all
Produce a fever
Frequently encoded on lysogenized plasmids
Weakly immunogenetic
Heat stable
Effect on host similar for all
Produce a fever
Frequently encoded on lysogenized plasmids
answer
E xotoxins are frequently encoded on lysogenized plasmids
question
Which of the following does not contribute to the virulence of a pathogen?
Numbers of microorganisms that gain access to a host
Cell wall
Toxins
Enzymes
None of the above
Numbers of microorganisms that gain access to a host
Cell wall
Toxins
Enzymes
None of the above
answer
None of the above:
They are all virulence factors.
They are all virulence factors.
question
Which endogenous molecules are specifically involved in fever induction?
Hemolysins
Interferons
Leukocidins
Cytokines
Antibodies
Hemolysins
Interferons
Leukocidins
Cytokines
Antibodies
answer
Cytokines are specifically involved in fever induction
question
What is pathogenicity?
answer
P athogenicity is the ability to cause disease.
question
What is virulence?
answer
Virulence is the extent of pathogenicity.
question
Name 5 virulence factors contributing to an organism's virulence.
answer
Adhesion factors
Biofilms
Extracellular enzymes
Toxins
Antiphagocytic factors
Biofilms
Extracellular enzymes
Toxins
Antiphagocytic factors
question
What are portals of entry?
answer
Sites through which pathogens enter the body
question
What are the 4 major portals of entry?
answer
Skin
Mucous membranes*
Parenteral route
Placenta
Preferred portal of entry
Mucous membranes*
Parenteral route
Placenta
Preferred portal of entry
question
The _____ is an outer layer of packed, dead, skin cells usually acts as a ______ to pathogens
answer
The skin is an outer layer of packed, dead, skin cells usually acts as a barrier to pathogens
question
How do pathogens enter through the skin?
answer
Pathogens can enter through openings and cuts. Others enter by burrowing into or digesting the outer layers of skin.
question
What is the most common site of entry?
answer
Respiratory tract.
question
Why are mucous membranes an amenable Portal of entry?
answer
Mucous membranes provide a moist, warm environment that is hospitable to pathogens.
question
How do pathogens enter the respiratory tract?
answer
Entry is through the nose, mouth, or eyes.
question
Can the GI tract act as a portal of entry for pathogens?
answer
Pathogens able to survive the acidic pH of the stomach may use the gastrointestinal tract as a route of entry.
question
What is a Parenteral route? Give an example.
answer
A parenteral route is not a true portal of entry, but a means by which the portal of entry can be circumvented.
Pathogens can be deposited directly into tissues beneath the skin or mucous membranes.
Pathogens can be deposited directly into tissues beneath the skin or mucous membranes.
question
What is an ID50?
answer
Infectious dose for 50% of the test population.
question
What is an LD50?
answer
Lethal dose of a toxin for 50% of the test population
question
What is the ID50 for Botulinum?
answer
0.03 ng/kg
question
What is the ID50 for Shiga toxin?
answer
250 ng/kg
question
What is the ID50 for Staphylococcal enterotoxin?
answer
1350 ng/kg
question
What is adherence?
answer
Adherence is the process by which microorganisms attach themselves to cells
question
Why is adherence important for a micobe?
answer
Adherence is required to successfully establish colonies within the host.
question
How do Adhesins/ligands help a microbe invade a host?
answer
Adhesins/ligands bind to receptors on host cells.
question
Give three examples of Adhesins/ligands and name their corresponding bacteria.
answer
Glycocalyx: Streptococcus mutans
Fimbriae: Escherichia coli
M protein: Streptococcus pyogenes
Fimbriae: Escherichia coli
M protein: Streptococcus pyogenes
question
Interaction of _______ with host receptor can determine _________ for host cells
answer
Interaction of ligand with host receptor can determine specificity for host cells
question
How do adhesins affect the ligand?
answer
Adhesins/ligands have the ability to change or block the ligand or its receptor can prevent infection.
question
What happens if a microorganism cannot make adhesins?
answer
Inability to make attachment proteins or adhesins renders the microorganisms avirulent
question
Some bacterial pathogens attach to each other to form a ____________.
answer
Some bacterial pathogens attach to each other to form a biofilm.
question
Surface molecules on a pathogen, called ________ or ________, bind specifically to complementary surface receptors on cells of certain host tissues.
answer
Surface molecules on a pathogen, called adhesins or ligands, bind specifically to complementary surface receptors on cells of certain host tissues.
question
List three portals of entry, and describe how microorganisms gain access through each.
answer
?
question
The LD50 of botulinum toxin is 0.03 ng/kg; the LD50 of Salmonella toxin is 12 mg/kg. Which is the more potent toxin?
answer
?
question
How would a drug that binds mannose on human cells affect a pathogenic bacterium?
answer
The receptors on host cells are typically sugars, such as mannose. A drug that binds to mannose on human cells would prevent the attachment of pathogenic E. coli.
question
____________ is a measure of pathogenicity (the ability of an organism to cause disease).
answer
Virulence is a measure of pathogenicity (the ability of an organism to cause disease).
question
Name 4 Virulence Factors of Infectious Agents.
answer
Adhesins, Extracellular Enzymes,Toxins, Anti-phagocytic factors
question
Give at least 2 examples of Extracellular Enzymes.
answer
Coagulase
Kinases
Hyaluronidase
Collagenase
IgA proteases
Kinases
Hyaluronidase
Collagenase
IgA proteases
question
What is the function of coagulase?
answer
Coagulase coagulates fibrinogen:coagulates blood clot proteins thereby "hiding" the bacteria.
question
What is the function of Kinase?
answer
Kinases digest fibrin clots: dissolves clot; releases bacteria from clot, allowing subsequent invasion of damage tissue
question
What is the function of Hyaluronidase?
answer
Hyaluronidase hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid: allows bacteria to invade deeper tissues
question
What is the function of Collagenase?
answer
Collagenase hydrolyzes collagen: allows bacteria to invade deeper tissues
question
What is the function of IgA proteases?
answer
IgA proteases destroy IgA antibodies
question
Extracelluar enzymes are secreted by the ______________.
answer
Extracelluar enzymes are secreted by the pathogen.
question
In general, what is the function of extracellular enzymes?
answer
Extracellular enzymes dissolve structural components/chemicals in the body and help the pathogen maintain infection, invade further, and avoid body defenses.
question
What is the mechanism of streptokinase?
answer
Streptokinase -->Plasminogen----> Plasmin--->Fibrin breakdown
question
Provide an example of direct damage, and compare this to toxin production.
answer
?
question
Contrast the nature and effects of exotoxins and endotoxins
answer
?
question
Outline the mechanisms of action of A-B toxins, membrane-disrupting toxins, and superantigens. Classify diphtheria toxin, erythrogenic toxin, botulinum toxin, tetanus toxin, Vibrio enterotoxin, and staphylococcal enterotoxin.
answer
?
question
Identify the importance of the LAL assay.
answer
(?)
Limulus amebocyte lysate assay/Amebocyte lysis produces a clot/Endotoxin causes lysis
Limulus amebocyte lysate assay/Amebocyte lysis produces a clot/Endotoxin causes lysis
question
Using examples, describe the roles of plasmids and lysogeny in pathogenicity.
answer
...
question
What happens during direct damage?
answer
Disrupt host cell function
Produce waste products
Toxins
Produce waste products
Toxins
question
What is a toxin?
answer
Toxins are chemicals that harm tissues or trigger host immune responses that cause damage
question
What are the two types of toxins?
answer
Exotoxins
Endotoxins
Endotoxins
question
Do toxins contribute to pathogenicity?
answer
Yes
question
What is Toxigenicity?
answer
Ability to produce a toxin
question
Define Toxemia.
answer
Toxemia refers to toxins in the bloodstream that are carried beyond the site of infection
question
What are exotoxins?
answer
Exotoxins are proteins produced during bacterial metabolism by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and secreted into the surrounding environment.
question
Describe the action of the toxin found in Clostridium botulinum.
answer
Clostridium botulinum toxin inhibits the release of acetylcholine leading to paralysis
question
Describe the action of the toxin found in Clostridium tetani
answer
Clostridium tetani toxin blocks the relaxation pathway that follows muscle contraction.
question
Describe the toxin found in Corynebacterium diphtheriae
answer
Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin interferes with the protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract.
question
(T/F) Exotoxins are specific for a structure or function in host.
answer
T
question
What are the three types of exotoxins? Describe each and provide an example.
answer
Cytotoxins kill host cells or affect their function (diphtheria toxin)
Neurotoxins act on the nervous system (botulinum & tetanus toxins)
Enterotoxins act on the gastrointestinal tract (staphylococcal toxin, E. coli heat-labile toxin, cholera toxin)
Neurotoxins act on the nervous system (botulinum & tetanus toxins)
Enterotoxins act on the gastrointestinal tract (staphylococcal toxin, E. coli heat-labile toxin, cholera toxin)
question
What are antitoxins?
answer
Essentially, they are antibodies and are produced by the host body to neutralize toxins.
question
Describe Toxoids. Give an example.
answer
Toxoids are toxins whose toxicity has been destroyed but still elicit an immune response. Toxoids are used for diphtheria and tetanus immunizations (DTaP vaccine).
question
What is the source of an exotoxin?
answer
Mostly Gram + cells
question
What is the exotoxin's relation to the microbe?
answer
Exotoxins are by-products of a growing cell
question
What is the chemistry of an exotoxin?
answer
Protein
question
Do Exotoxins produce a Fever?
answer
No
question
Are exotoxins neutralized by antitoxin?
answer
Yes
question
Is the LD50 for an exotoxin small or large?
answer
Small
question
Name three types of exotoxins
answer
A-B toxins
Membrane disrupting toxins
Superantigens
Membrane disrupting toxins
Superantigens
question
How do membrane-disrupting toxins function?
answer
Membrane-disrupting toxins lyse host's cells by making protein channels in the plasma membrane and disrupting phospholipid bilayer.
question
Name three membrane-disrupting toxins.
answer
Leukocidins
Hemolysins
Streptolysins
Hemolysins
Streptolysins
question
How do Superantigens function?
answer
Superantigens distract the adaptive defenses of the host, causing them to produce a non-specific, exaggerated response. The host defenses fail to respond to the actual invader.
question
What happens when a host cell detects a superantigen?
answer
Superantigens cause an intense immune response via release of cytokines from host cells
question
Name a few symptoms one might experience when attacked by a superantigen.
answer
fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shock, and death
question
Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Does this bacteria release an endotoxin or an exotoxin? Which type? Is it Lysogeny +?
answer
Exotoxin: A-B toxin. Lysogeny +
question
Streptococcus pyogenes. Does this bacteria release an endotoxin or an exotoxin? Which type? Is it Lysogeny +?
answer
Exotoxin: Membrane-disrupting erythrogenic toxin. Lysogeny +
question
Clostridium botulinum. Does this bacteria release an endotoxin or an exotoxin? Which type? Is it Lysogeny +?
answer
Exotoxin: A-B toxin; neurotoxin. Lysogeny +
question
C. tetani. Does this bacteria release an endotoxin or an exotoxin? Which type? Is it Lysogeny +?
answer
Exotoxin: A-B toxin; neurotoxin
question
Vibrio cholerae. Does this bacteria release an endotoxin or an exotoxin? Which type? Is it Lysogeny +?
answer
Exotoxin: A-B toxin; neurotoxin. Lysogeny +
question
Staphylococcus aureus. Does this bacteria release an endotoxin or an exotoxin? Which type? Is it Lysogeny +?
answer
Exotoxin: Superantigen. Lysogeny +
question
What is an endotoxin?
answer
An endotoxin is a part of the outer portion of the cell wall (lipid A) of most Gram- bacteria. Endotoxins are released when the cell is destroyed.
question
What is lipid A?
answer
The lipid part of the LPS is called endotoxin or lipid A.
Lipid A is released upon bacterial cell death, often causing fever and inflammation.
Lipid A is released upon bacterial cell death, often causing fever and inflammation.
question
What happens if endotoxins are released at high levels?
answer
At high levels, endotoxins can cause hemorrhaging and septic shock.
question
What is the source of an endotoxin?
answer
Gram -
question
What is the endtoxin's relation to the microbe?
answer
Outer membrane
question
What is the chemistry of an endotoxin?
answer
lipid A
question
Do Endotoxins produce a Fever?
answer
Yes
question
Are endotoxins neutralized by antitoxin?
answer
No
question
Is the LD50 for an endotoxin small or large?
answer
Relatively large
question
What is the LAL Assay?
answer
Limulus amebocyte lysate assay
question
What does Amebocyte lysis produce?
answer
Amebocyte lysis produces a clot
question
What causes the lysis in the LAL Assay?
answer
Endotoxin causes lysis
question
How does toxigenicity differ from direct damage? 15-9
Differentiate an exotoxin from an endotoxin. 15-10
Food poisoning can be divided into two categories: food infection and food intoxication. On the basis of toxin production by bacteria, explain the difference between these two categories. 15-11
Washwater containing Pseudomonas was sterilized and used to wash cardiac catheters. Three patients developed fever, chills, and hypotension following cardiac catheterization. The water and catheters were sterile. Why did the patients show these reactions? How should the water have been tested? 15-12
How can lysogeny turn the normally harmless E. coli into a pathogen? 15-13
Differentiate an exotoxin from an endotoxin. 15-10
Food poisoning can be divided into two categories: food infection and food intoxication. On the basis of toxin production by bacteria, explain the difference between these two categories. 15-11
Washwater containing Pseudomonas was sterilized and used to wash cardiac catheters. Three patients developed fever, chills, and hypotension following cardiac catheterization. The water and catheters were sterile. Why did the patients show these reactions? How should the water have been tested? 15-12
How can lysogeny turn the normally harmless E. coli into a pathogen? 15-13
answer
Do it!
question
What are anti-phagocytic factors?
answer
Anti-phagocytic factors are used to kill or avoid phagocytes; remain an irritant to host defenses.
question
How do macrophages serve immunity?
answer
Macrophages (white blood cells) engulf and remove invading pathogens
question
What cell type are macrophages?
answer
Leukocyte
question
Give 2 examples of anti-phagocytic factors.
answer
Capsules
Antiphagocytic chemicals
Antiphagocytic chemicals
question
How do capsules prevent phagocytosis?
answer
Capsules are often composed of chemicals found in the body and not recognized as foreign. Capsules can also be slippery, making it difficult for phagocytes to engulf the bacteria.
question
Name a few bacteria that owe their virulence to the polysaccharide capsule.
answer
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Bacillus anthracis
Yersinia pestis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Bacillus anthracis
Yersinia pestis
question
How do pathogens penetrate the host cytoskeleton?
answer
Invasins can be used to penetrate the host cell.
Salmonella alters host actin to enter a host cell
Pathogens can also use actin to move from one cell to the next, as seen in Listeria.
Salmonella alters host actin to enter a host cell
Pathogens can also use actin to move from one cell to the next, as seen in Listeria.
question
How does Salmonella invade a cell?
answer
Salmonella uses invasins to alter host actin and enter a host cell.
question
What function do capsules and M proteins have in common? 15-4
Would you expect a bacterium to make coagulase and kinase simultaneously? 15-5
Many vaccines provide years of protection against a disease. Why doesn't the influenza vaccine offer more than a few months of protection? 15-6
How does E. coli cause membrane ruffling?
Would you expect a bacterium to make coagulase and kinase simultaneously? 15-5
Many vaccines provide years of protection against a disease. Why doesn't the influenza vaccine offer more than a few months of protection? 15-6
How does E. coli cause membrane ruffling?
answer
Think
question
What are portals of Exit?
answer
Pathogens leave host through portals of exit.
question
What do portals of exit and portals of entry have in common?
answer
They are often the same.
question
How do pathogens leave their hosts?
How do they leave the Respiratory tract?
How do they leave the GI tract?
How do they leave the GU tract?
How else can they leave the host?
How do they leave the Respiratory tract?
How do they leave the GI tract?
How do they leave the GU tract?
How else can they leave the host?
answer
Pathogens often leave hosts in materials the body secretes or excretes.
Respiratory tract=Coughing and sneezing
Gastrointestinal tract=Feces and saliva
Genitourinary tract=Urine, semen, and vaginal secretions
Pathogens can also leave via the Skin, Blood,Biting arthropods and needles, or syringes.
Respiratory tract=Coughing and sneezing
Gastrointestinal tract=Feces and saliva
Genitourinary tract=Urine, semen, and vaginal secretions
Pathogens can also leave via the Skin, Blood,Biting arthropods and needles, or syringes.
question
When the balance between host and microbe is tipped in favor of the microbe, an _________ or disease results.
answer
When the balance between host and microbe is tipped in favor of the microbe, an infection or disease results. Learning these mechanisms of microbial pathogenicity is fundamental to understanding how pathogens are able to overcome the host's defenses.
question
What are Antiphagocytic chemicals? Give 4 examples.
answer
Some bacteria secrete antiphagocytic chemicals, chemicals that prevent the fusion of lysosomes with phagocytic vesicles.
M- protein, Opa protein, Leukocidins,Mycolic acid
M- protein, Opa protein, Leukocidins,Mycolic acid
question
What is an M-Protein?In what bacteria can it be found?
answer
An M-protein is an antiphagocytic chemical. M- protein is a protein produced on the cell wall. M-protein mediates attachment of the bacterium to epithelial cells and resists phagocytosis. Steptococcus pyogenes.
question
What is Opa protein?In what bacteria can it be found?
answer
Antiphagocytic chemical. Opa protein inhibits T helper cells
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
question
What are Leukocidins?
answer
Antiphagocytic chemicals. Leukocidins kill white blood cells
question
What is mycolic acid? In what bacteria can it be found?
answer
Antiphagocytic chemicals. Mycolic acid is a waxy lipid that resists digestion. Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
question
What vaccines use toxoids?
answer
Toxoids are used for diphtheria and tetanus immunizations (DTaP vaccine).
question
Gram + cells typically produce....
answer
exotoxins
question
______________ are by-products of a growing cell
answer
Exotoxins are by-products of a growing cell.
question
(Endo/Exo)toxin usually produces a fever.
answer
Endotoxin
question
A-B toxins, Membrane disrupting toxins, and Superantigens are examples of ______________.
answer
Exotoxins
question
____________________ lyse host's cells by making protein channels in the plasma membrane and disrupting the ____________________.
answer
Membrane-disrupting toxins lyse host's cells by making protein channels in the plasma membrane and disrupting the phospholipid bilayer.
question
Leukocidins, Hemolysins, and Streptolysins are _____________.
answer
Leukocidins, Hemolysins, and Streptolysins are Membrane-disrupting toxins.
question
_______________ cause an intense immune response via release of ______________ from host cells.
answer
Superantigens cause an intense immune response via release of cytokines from host cells.
question
(T/F) Superantigens can cause septic shock.
answer
T
question
It's time for: Name that Bacteria!
Exotoxin A-B toxin. Lysogeny +
Exotoxin A-B toxin. Lysogeny +
answer
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
question
It's time for: Name that Bacteria!
Exotoxin: Membrane-disrupting erythrogenic toxin. Lysogeny +
Exotoxin: Membrane-disrupting erythrogenic toxin. Lysogeny +
answer
Streptococcus pyogenes
question
It's time for: Name that Bacteria!
Exotoxin: A-B toxin; neurotoxin. Lysogeny +
(foodborne)
Exotoxin: A-B toxin; neurotoxin. Lysogeny +
(foodborne)
answer
Clostridium botulinum (note similarity to Vibrio cholerae)
question
It's time for: Name that Bacteria!
Exotoxin: A-B toxin; neurotoxin
Exotoxin: A-B toxin; neurotoxin
answer
Clostridium tetani
question
It's time for: Name that Bacteria!
Exotoxin: Superantigen. Lysogeny +
Exotoxin: Superantigen. Lysogeny +
answer
Staphylococcus aureus
question
It's time for: Name that Bacteria!
Exotoxin: A-B toxin; neurotoxin. Lysogeny +
(waterborne)
Exotoxin: A-B toxin; neurotoxin. Lysogeny +
(waterborne)
answer
Vibrio cholerae (note similarity to Clostridium botulinum)
question
An ___________ is a part of the outer portion of the cell wall (_____) of most _____ bacteria. They are released when the cell is ___________.
answer
An endotoxin is a part of the outer portion of the cell wall (lipid A) of most Gram- bacteria. Endotoxins are released when the cell is destroyed.
question
The lipid part of the _____ is called endotoxin or lipid A. Lipid A is released upon bacterial cell death, often causing ______ and _____________.
answer
The lipid part of the LPS is called endotoxin or lipid A.
Lipid A is released upon bacterial cell death, often causing fever and inflammation.
Lipid A is released upon bacterial cell death, often causing fever and inflammation.
question
At high levels, endotoxins can cause ______________ and _________.
answer
At high levels, endotoxins can cause hemorrhaging and septic shock.
question
_______, but not _______are neutralized by antitoxins.
answer
Exotoins, but not endotoxins are neutralized by antitoxins.
question
Pathogens can also use _____ to move from one cell to the next, as seen in Listeria.
answer
Pathogens can also use actin to move from one cell to the next, as seen in Listeria.
question
__________ can be used to penetrate the host cell.
answer
Invasins can be used to penetrate the host cell.
question
Give 4 examples of antiphagocytic chemicals.
answer
M- protein, Opa protein, Leukocidins,Mycolic acid
question
Antiphagocytic chemicals, chemicals that prevent the fusion of ___________ with _____________.
answer
Antiphagocytic chemicals, chemicals that prevent the fusion of lysosomes with phagocytic vesicles.
question
Coagulase, Kinases, Hyaluronidase, Collagenase, and
IgA proteases are all ______________.
IgA proteases are all ______________.
answer
Coagulase, Kinases, Hyaluronidase, Collagenase, and
IgA proteases are all extracellular enzymes.
IgA proteases are all extracellular enzymes.
question
Disruption of host cell function, production of waste products, and toxins are all examples of ___________.
answer
Disruption of host cell function, production of waste products, and toxins are all examples of direct damage.
question
Compare and contrast the Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum toxin.
answer
Clostridium tetani toxin blocks the relaxation pathway that follows muscle contraction.
Clostridium botulinum toxin inhibits the release of acetylcholine, leading to paralysis.
Clostridium botulinum toxin inhibits the release of acetylcholine, leading to paralysis.
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