question
what color are gram positive bacteria when gram stained?
answer
purple
question
what shape are staphylococcus bacteria?
answer
cells occur in grapelike clusters
question
what kind of environment does staphylococcus bacteria prefer?
answer
facultative anaerobes (grow in both presence or absence of oxygen)
question
staphylococcus motile or nonmotile
answer
nonmtile
question
what is staphylococcus tolerant of
answer
salt, desiccation, radiation, heat
question
which staphylococcus is more virulent? aureus or epidermidis
answer
staphylococcus aureus
question
which staphylococcus strain is normal microbiota of human skin?
answer
staphylococcus epidermidis
question
staphylococcus epidermidis is an opportunistic bacteria? T/F
answer
true
question
conditions caused by staphylococcus aureus vary depending on site of infection, T/F
answer
true
question
what features of staphylococcus bacteria cause pathogenicity?
answer
ability to evade phagocytosis, production of enzymes and toxins
question
how does infection occur in staphylococcus bacteria?
answer
breach of bodys physical barriers
question
with staphylococcus, how does protein A protect against phagocytosis
answer
coats the cell surface, binding to IgG, inhibits opsonization and complement cascade
question
with staphylococcus, how does bound coagulase protect against phagocytosis
answer
conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin molecules, which in turn hides bacteria from phagocytic cells
question
with staphylococcus, how does polysaccharide slime layers(capsules) protect against phagocytosis
answer
inhibits leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis, facilitate attachment of cell to surfaces
question
with staphylococcus, what does the enzyme cell-free coagulase do
answer
trigger blood clotting
question
with staphylococcus, what does the enzyme hyaluronidase do
answer
breaks down hyaluronic acid, enabling bacteria to spread between cells
question
with staphylococcus, what does the enzyme staphylokinase do
answer
dissolves fibrin threads in blood clots, allowing s. aureus to free itself from clots
question
with staphylococcus, what does the enzyme lipase do
answer
digest lipids, allowing staphylococcus to grow on skin and in oil glands
question
with staphylococcus, what does the enzyme beta-lactamase do
answer
breaks down penicillin, allows bacteria to survive treatment
question
with staphylococcus aureus, what does cytolytic toxins do
answer
disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane of a variety of cells, (leukocidin can lyse leukocytes specifically)
question
with staphylococcus aureus, what does exfoliative toxins do
answer
cause skin cells to separate and slough off
question
with staphylococcus aureus, what does toxic-shock syndrome toxin do
answer
causes toxic shock syndrome
question
with staphylococcus aureus, what does enterotoxins do
answer
stimulate symptoms associated with food poisoning
question
is staphylococcus epidermidis found ubiquitous on human skin or only in moist skin folds?
answer
ubiquitous(found everywhere) on human skin
question
is staphylococcus aureus found ubiquitous on human skin or only in moist skin folds?
answer
only in moist skin folds
question
staphylococcus epidermidis and aureus grow in upper respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts of humans? T/F?
answer
true
question
how are staphylococcus bacteria transmitted
answer
direct contact or fomites
question
staphylococcus bacteria causes what diseases
answer
food poisoning, various skin conditions, scalded skin syndrome, impetigo and folliculitis
question
staphylococcus bacteria does not cause toxic shock syndrome. T/F?
answer
false
question
bacteremia
answer
presence of bacteria in the blood
question
endocarditis
answer
damage to the lining of the heart
question
pneumonia
answer
inflammation of lungs, empyema occurs when pus fills the lungs
question
osteomyelitis
answer
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow
question
methicillin or vancomycin are used to treat staphylococcus bacteria. T/F?
answer
true
question
streptococcus bacteria prefer what environment
answer
facultative anaerobes(grow both with or without oxygen)
question
what shape are streptococcus bacteria
answer
cocci arranged in pairs or chains
question
with streptococcus Group A, how does m protein and hyaluronic acid help evade phagocytosis
answer
m protein destabilizes complement and hyaluronic acid capsule hides bacteria from leukocytes
question
with streptococcus Group A, how does streptokinase work
answer
breaks down blood clots, helps bacteria spread through tissues
question
with streptococcus Group A, how does deoxyribonucleases work
answer
reduces firmness of pus, facilitating spread of streptococcus
question
with streptococcus Group A, how does C5a peptidase work
answer
breaks down complement protein C5a, decreasing movement of white blood cells to the infection site
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