Microbology Midterm

Prokaryotes
Cell membrane
Unicellular
Peptidoglycan in cell membrane
Binary fission
Motile (e.coli, salmonella, pseudomonas: flagella, pseudomonas: swim and swarm)

Prokaryotes
Cell membrane
Unicellular and multicellular
No peptidoglycan in cell membrane
Thermaphiles, methanogens, halophiles
Extreme environments
Non pathogenic

Eukaryotes
Cell membrane/wall
Unicellular and multicellular
Glucose, chitin, glycocalyx
Kingdom protista, animalia, fungi, plantae
Sterols
Mitosis/meiosis
DNA is linear, double stranded

Non-motile
Pseudopods
Flagella
Cilia
PHOTO/CHEMO AUTOTROPHS
Algae (unicellular)->Seaweed (multicellular)
salt and fresh water environments
**photosynthetic

CHEMOHETEROTROPH
Yeasts (Unicellular)
Molds (Multicellular)
Fleshy (Mushrooms)

Helminths, Flatworms, Ringworms
CHEMO/PHOTO HETEROTROPHS, CHEMO/PHOTOAUTOTROPHS

ATP is not formed or stored at cell membrane
Mitochondria
Resting Form: Spore

ATP is formed and stored at cell membrane
Resting Form: Endospore

Synthesis
Endothermic
Endergonic

Decomposition
Exothermic
Exergonic

1. Transport
2. Protection
3. Enzymes
4. Structure
(Not primarily used for energy)

Bacterial conjugation pili
Made of pilin proteins
Enables the transfer of plasmids (resistant genetic information) between bacteria so they have a better chance at surviving

EUKARYOTIC

Only in Gram - bacteria
Makes them especially virulent because it enhances their ability to attach to a host, such as E.coli, staph, and strep
ONLY VISIBLE IN AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

Unstained Live Eukaryotes
Bacteria and Amoeba Motility
Primarily Protozoa
Urine-Crystals
Images: grey and darker grey gradient
Different wavelengths of light move through and are absorbed by the specimen

Sample FA Stain
After + RPR test for Syphillis
Serology because it takes 20+ days to grow

Opaque Disk, Only reflected light enters objective
Sparkling Organelles
Advantage: High contrast (unstained) with high resolution
Images: black and white extremely high contrast because the light is scattered

1,000-10,000
20nm

10,000-100,000
Organelles (look at intracellular structures)
.2um

pleomorphic
no cell wall
no endotoxin
erythromycin
grey skinned
lethargic

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
Neisseria Meningitidis
Chlamydia

6C Citric Acid
38 Prokaryotic ATP, ETC
36 Eukaryotic ATP
Final E- acceptor is inorganic O2

Less CO2+ATP
Final E- acceptor is inorganic but NOT O2

Differential Staining: Gram + thick peptidoglycan wall, Gram - thin peptidoglycan wall

DNA Base Composition: AT(U) CG
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

Biochemical Testing: Verifies enzymatic activity, differentiates bacteria and understand their niche

Serology: Immune responses evident in serum, differentiates strains.

PCR: Polymerase Chain Reactions: replicates microbial DNA making it more easily diagnosable and treatable.

DNA Probes: Determines the extent of similarity between base sequences, heat up double strands into single strands and see how they recombine.

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Heart murmer
IV drug abusers

Body will form a wall around the area of necrosis

Flush with Saline

Reservoir humans

Alpha hemolytic

Opportunistic, Normal Flora

Produce gas
Soil
GI tract of animals
Endospores

HONEYYYY 🙂

DOESNT form endospores

Reservoir: Soil & Water (psychrophile)
Mild Aches
Fever
Vomitting
Opportunistic
Adults->Bacteremia, CNS, Meningitis
Fetal, Congenital-> Stillborn, Abortion

Penicillin
Fever
ANAEROBIC
Inflammation

Reservoir: Soil
NOT gas producing

ACID FAST
Respiratory Transmission
DNA Probe
Blood in sputum
Fever, weight loss
Reservoir: Humans

ACID FAST
Infects Nerves
Pleomorphic
Can't be grown on culture
OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITE

AYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
A
A 🙂
A
A!

ENTEROCOCCUS
S. AUREUS
C. ALBICANS
L. MONOCYTOGENES
A. ISRAELII
M. LEPRAE
H. PYLORI
P. AERUGINOSA
P. MIRABILIS
A. FUMIGATUS
P. JIRUVECI
C. NEOFORMANS

B. BERGDORFERI
R. RICKETTSII

H. PYLORI
SALMONELLA
E. COLI

P. AERUGINOSA
M. TUBERCULOSIS
B. ANTHRASIS
C. TRACHOMATIS in infants causes pneumonia
C. NEOFORMANS
H. CAPSULATUM
C. IMMITIS
P. JIROVECI
MUCOR/RHIZOPUS

C. ALBICANS, VAGINITIS: topical NYSTATIN, oral DIFULCAN
DERMATOPHYTES: topical LAMISIL, MICONAZOLE inhibits ergosterol production
S. SCHENKII: KI
Hyaline mold: Penicillium
P. SIROVECI: TMP

S. pyogenes
L. monocytogenes
Clostridium
B. anthracis
B. bergdorferi
N. meningitidis
T. pallidum
Salmonella

Salmonella, E. Coli
Aerobic
Gram -
Always a Pathogen
Normal flora
Lives in GI tract
grows on MAC

S. Aureus
E. Coli
P. Aeruginosa

S. Epidermis
S. Viridans
E. Coli

Micrococcus
Enterococcus
P. Mirabilis

Streptococcus
Clostridium

Motile spirochete with axial filaments
Gummas (benign lesions)

Curved cell in gastric biopsies
CAP
Breath test (urease)
GERD

Petechia, stiff neck, high fever, inflammation of mucal glands
Look into spinal fluid
RESPIRATORY TRANSMISSION

DNA PROBE
Fimbriae
Septic arthritis
Purulent discharge

42C
Normal flora
Respiratory transmission

Cannot metabolize LACTOSE
High levels of Urease
OPPORTUNISTIC

Flagella serotyping
Exotoxin causes kidney damage, also has endotoxin
Vomiting
Fever
Headache, aches
Nausea
Diarrhea

Fever
Headache, aches
Nausea
Diarrhea
NO vomiting
Only treat with antibiotics if patient is immunocompromised or patient will become a carrier of this NOT NORMAL FLORA

Has NO diarrhea
Neurological problems (think tetanospasmin)
paralysis and breathing issues

Leaky cell membrane causes them to be obligate intracellular parasites, because they are in cells they cannot be cultured.
Serology

UNABLE TO SYNTHESIZE ATP - obligate intracellular parasites???????
Inside cells there is watery discharge and inflammation, you could never know you have it.
Normal flora
McCOy cells
DNA probe
if baby inhales this it gets pneumonia