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A monopoly has two key features, which are ________.
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barriers to entry and no close substitutes.
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Which of the following is a barrier to entry for a monopoly?
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a patent
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A pure monopoly is
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a firm without competition example; utility company
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The marginal revenue curve for a single-price monopoly
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lies below the market demand curve.
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If the demand for its product is elastic, a monopoly's
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marginal revenue is positive.
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Monopolies can make an economic profit in the long run because of
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barriers to enter the monopoly's market.
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For the unregulated, single-price monopoly shown in the figure above, when its profit is maximized, output will be
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4 units per year and the price will be $6. 4 units is where MC=MR and $6 is where the price hits demand at the top of the quantity of 4 units.
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The above figure illustrates a single-price unregulated monopolist. If the monopolist maximizes its profit, the deadweight loss equals
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$10,000. area of a triangle 1/2(b-b=b and p-p=h). b= base H = prices
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A price searcher will earn economic profits as long as his price exceeds:
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average total cost.
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A monopolist can earn an economic profit only when:
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average total cost is less than price.
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The profit-maximizing output level for a price searcher is where the:
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MR = MC.
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When the price searcher is maximizing total profit in the figure, the average total cost of producing that output level is:
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$8. You must look at where ATC is with the same quantity where MC=MR
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According to the information provided in the figure, if the Rudd Ice Company was a Price Searcher and is currently charging a price of $6, what would you advise Rudd to do?
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Increase price and decrease output. (price was too low )
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In the figure, at the profit-maximizing or loss-minimizing output, the monopolist's total economic profit is: mc hits ATC at 60
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negative.
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In the figure, at the profit-maximizing or loss-minimizing output, the monopolist's total economic profit is: MC hits ATC at 300
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negative
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For a monopolist to practice price discrimination, one necessary condition is that the product offered for sale must be:
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impossible or difficult to resell.
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A monopolist currently sells 5 units of a good. If marginal revenue on the fifth unit of the good is $20, what must be true about the price of the good?
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Price must be more than $20
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For a monopoly, the marginal revenue curve:
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Is below the demand curve and has a steeper slope
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Utility companies that sell water must build a network of water pipes to every home in the community. Once the network has been built, the marginal cost of providing water is relatively low and constant. What is the source of monopoly power here?
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Enormous fixed/sunk cost
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Which of the following is true about a monopoly?
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Many monopolies are the result of the government restricting competition
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Which of the following is NOT necessary for a firm to engage in price discrimination?
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The firm must produce output for different buyers at different costs.
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1. When is a firm considered to have a monopoly?
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A pure monopoly is a firm without competition. There are no clear tests for determining whether a firm is a monopoly. All firms, even those traditionally considered monopolists, face competition. While pure monopolies don't exist, economists argue that the fewer substitutes there are a for a firm's product the more monopolistic the firm is.
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1. What are barriers to entry?
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Anything that prevents entry or makes entry relatively expensive is called a "barrier to entry". Here are some sources for "barriers to entry": 1) the government, 2) unions, 3) control of a vital resource, 4) incompatibility, 5) economies of scale, and 6) intellectual property.
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1. Why are government-created barriers to entry so strong?
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Government-created barriers work extremely effectively at protecting monopolists' markets because a businessperson who would climb over such a barrier risk imprisonment
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1. What are some examples of how control of a vital resource leads to monopoly?
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In ancient China kept a monopoly on silk by executing anyone caught exporting silk-making technology. The silk-making technology was smuggled from China to India in the headdress of a Chinese princess traveling to India to marry a prince.
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A vital resource in the wool making industry (during the 1400s) was the chemical alum which was used to dye the wool. The only source of high quality alum was the Ottoman Empire which earned monopoly profits from the sale of alum. In 1490 a large deposit of alum was discovered near Rome which was taken under control of the Pope. The Pope attempted to establish a monopoly by declaring that any Christian caught using Ottoman alum would be excommunicated. Unfortunately, for the Pope, Christian wool makers continued buying Ottoman alum because the price of Ottoman alum was cheaper than Roman alum.
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another example of a vital resource which lead to a monoply
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1. How can software incompatibility provide a barrier to entry?
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A Microsoft operating system has hundreds of programs (e.g., Word, Explorer) that are designed for that operating system. Even if a new operating system enters the market, the incompatibility of your existing software programs with a new operating system provides a barrier to entry into the operating system market.
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1. How can sports leagues use incompatibility to erect a barrier to entry?
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To enter a sports league requires the existing teams to play you. But they are unwilling to play against your new team. In a sense your new team is incompatible with other teams because existing teams won't let you play against their teams.
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1. How can economies of scale create a barrier to entry?
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Economies of scale results in LR average total costs decrease as output increases. In markets with economies of scale, once one firm attracts most of the customers, it will have low average total costs compared to other firms. This makes it difficult for new to challenge firms with low average costs. Thus, economies of scale can protect monopolies from competition.
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1. What are natural monopolies?
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Monopolies based on economies of scale are called "natural monopolies". The presence of high fixed costs, combined with constant marginal costs, create decreasing average total costs, resulting in an industry with economies of scale. Utilities that sell water or electricity are often natural monopolies.
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1. Why do copyright laws promote the publication of books?
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Without copyrights, few textbooks would ever get published. Because writers receive copyrights on their creations and no one but the copyright's holder can legally sell the copyrighted-protected work. While awarding a monopoly on their book, they must still complete with books published by other authors. The copyright provides a legal right for the author to demand payment from those who would use your property.
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1. Why do patents promote innovation?
Patents are similar to copyrights for inventions in that they award the exclusive right, for a given number of years, to sell the patented item. Patents confer benefits on innovators proportional to the social benefit of the invention. Patents create an incentive that rewards self-interested inventors to work for the benefit of society.
Patents are similar to copyrights for inventions in that they award the exclusive right, for a given number of years, to sell the patented item. Patents confer benefits on innovators proportional to the social benefit of the invention. Patents create an incentive that rewards self-interested inventors to work for the benefit of society.
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Patents are similar to copyrights for inventions in that they award the exclusive right, for a given number of years, to sell the patented item. Patents confer benefits on innovators proportional to the social benefit of the invention. Patents create an incentive that rewards self-interested inventors to work for the benefit of society.