question
Know the lower limit of resolution for the light microscope
answer
.2 micrometers
question
Magnification of oil immersion lens
answer
100x
question
Total magnification
answer
10x the objective lens
question
Resolving Power
answer
Being able to distinguish between two objects
question
How resolving power relates to magnification
answer
As magnification increases so does resolving power
question
Parfocal
answer
When switching from one magnification while in focus the other magnifications should be relatively in-focus
question
Fomite
answer
Inanimate objects where microbes can grow
question
Sterile
answer
Absence of microbes (skin can't be sterile because you have microbes on it, even if they aren't pathogenic)
question
Aerosol
answer
Airborne pathogens
question
Animate vs. Inanimate objects
answer
Living vs non-living
question
Ingredients of nutrient broth
answer
Peptone and beef extract
question
Asepsis
answer
No PATHOGENIC microbes
question
How can you tell if microbes grow in nutrient broth?
answer
Cloudiness
question
How do you sterilize heat-sensitive things?
answer
Filtration
question
How and why of streak plate method
answer
Spatially dilutes microbes, spreads them out to allow for better growth
question
Why can MAC agar distinguish between Gram + bacteria?
answer
It contains bile salts
question
What do lactose producing bacteria do in MAC agar?
answer
Produce red and pink colors by fermentation
question
Pure culture
answer
Only 1 type of cell present
question
How do you perform a smear preparation from a solid culture?
answer
Add water
question
Methylene Blue
answer
Basic
question
Saphrinin
answer
Pink
question
What kind of dyes can be used in simple stains?
answer
Both acidic and basic
question
Crystal violet color
answer
freakin violet
question
How to prevent crystal formation in a simple stain/ the purpose of rinsing slides
answer
Rinsing slides prevents crystal formation and removes excess dye
question
Evidince of a urinary tract infection?
answer
> 100,000 cfu/mL of E. Coli
question
Endospore color in gram stain
answer
Clear
question
Endospore color in endospore stain
answer
Green
question
What is a mordant for?
answer
Allows cells to keep dye without changing color
question
What color are Gram + bacteria?
answer
Purple
question
What color are Gram - bacteria?
answer
Pink
question
What shape are bacilli?
answer
Rods
question
What color do acid-fast organisms stain?
answer
Pink
question
What type of bacteria do we stain with the acid fast procedure?
answer
Mycobacteria
question
What are the purposes of carbolfuchsin dye, acid alcohol, and methylene blue dye in the acid fast procedure?
answer
carbolfuchsin stains the acid fast cells. Acid alcohol removes the dye from non-acid fast cells. Methylene blue is a counterstain that stains the remaining cells blue
question
What's Sporogenesis?
answer
The making of endospores (becomes metabolically inactive)
question
What's germination?
answer
Going from an endospore into a metabolically active cell
question
What's an endospore?
answer
When little nutrition is available some cells can develop these highly resistant structures but they cannot form new cells until germination
question
How many endospores can form inside one bacteria?
answer
1
question
What 2 things contribute to an endospore's resistance and dormancy?
answer
Calcium and dipicolinic acid
question
What genera of bacteria can form endospores?
answer
Bacillus and Clostridium (both G+)
question
What types of things can endospores survive?
answer
Boiling water, chemicals, UV light, Staining. Just about anything
question
What is a capsule made of?
answer
Polysaccharides
question
What is the purpose of a capsule?
answer
It interferes with phagocytosis, and it enhances virulence by increasing adhesion to host cells
question
What is India Ink used for?
answer
Provides a dark background in order to help see capsules
question
What does the Quellung test show?
answer
Capsular swelling in presence of antibody.Valuable laboratory test for the sero-identification of specific encapsulated bacteria
question
What is flegella made out of?
answer
freakin flegellan
question
Brownian movement
answer
Random back and forth moving because other particles are bumping into it
question
True motility
answer
Directional movement
question
How can we observe motility?
answer
Flagella stain, hanging drop, stab inocculation
question
Know steps of gram procedure in order
answer
Crystal Violet, Iodine, Alcohol, Saphrannin
question
What is a sarcinae?
answer
A group of 8-16 cells
question
At what temp do most human pathogens grow
answer
37C
question
Mesophile
answer
20-45C
question
Thermophile
answer
45-60C
question
Psychrophile
answer
-5 - 20C
question
Psychrotroph
answer
A mesophile that can also grow at 0 C
question
How can you detect bacterial growth in broth?
answer
Turbidity
question
What does a hypertonic solution do to a cell?
answer
It causes it to shrink (plasmolysis)
question
What does a hypotonic solution do to a cell?
answer
It swells
question
What are proline and choline used for?
answer
To raise osmotic pressure
question
What is plasmolysis?
answer
Cell shrinkage in a hypertonic environment
question
Halophiles
answer
Requires a lot of salt to grow
question
How do enteric bacteria survive?
answer
When they are in the stomach they are surrounded by food which protects them from the acid
question
Why do extreme pH's kill bacteria?
answer
They can denature proteins and block transport
question
Obligate acidophile pH range
answer
2-3
question
Neutrophile pH range
answer
4-9
question
Alkalophile pH range
answer
10-12
question
Transient flora examples
answer
S. aureus, G- coliforms, clostridia and aerobic spore-forming bacilli that are commonly in the air, water, and soil
question
Resident flora examples
answer
Diptheroids like Corynebacterium and Propionibacterium and staphylococci like S. epidermidis
question
What does "resident flora" mean?
answer
Bacteria that are more permanent (not easily removed by handwashing)
question
What does "transient bacteria" mean?
answer
Bacteria that are commonly found on the skin that are readily eliminated by handwashing
question
Who is Ignaz Semmelweis
answer
He decided that handwashing for surgery is important
question
What amount of time will remove most transient flora?
answer
30 seconds
question
What amount of handwashing time will get rid of most transient and resident bacteria
answer
2 minutes of reasonable handwashing
question
Which bacteria are thermoduric?
answer
Streptococcus (S. lactis) and Lactobacillus
question
What pathogenic bacteria are found in milk?
answer
Mycobacterium TB, Brucella, Salmonella typhi, EColi, Listeriosis, Coxiella burnetti
question
What causes milk contamination?
answer
Handling/transportation, bacteria on udders
question
Standards for grad A pasteurized milk
answer
< 20,000 bacteria/mL
question
Purpose of methyl red test
answer
Mixed acids by fermentation of glucose
question
Purpose of Voges-Proskauer test
answer
Neutral products and acetonin by fermentation of glucose
question
Homolactic fermentation
answer
Only produces lactic acids
question
Heterolactic fermentation
answer
produces other acids and gasses besides lactic acids
question
Define nonsaccharolytic metabolism
answer
Non-fermenting
question
Bactericidal
answer
Kills bacteria
question
Bacteriostatic
answer
Prevents bacteria from growing
question
Zone of inhibition
answer
The area that the bacteria don't grow
question
Which antimicrobial agents are the oxidizing agents?
answer
Halogens
question
Broad spectrum antibiotics
answer
Affect a wide variety of bacteria
question
What do aminoglycosides do?
answer
Inhibit protein synthesis
question
What are the risks of using aminoglycosides?
answer
Toxicity to brain and kidneys
question
Penicillins
answer
Interfere with cell wall synthesis
question
Ceohalosporins
answer
Interferes with the cell wall
question
Tetracyclines
answer
inhibit protein synthesis
question
macrolides
answer
inhibit protein synthesis
question
aminoglycosides
answer
inhibit protein synthesis
question
quinolones
answer
interfere with DNA rep
question
Polymyxins
answer
damage cell membrane
question
DNA absorbs light best at what wavelength?
answer
260 nm
question
What kind of mutation does UV light cause?
answer
A Thymine Dimer
question
Photoreactivation
answer
PHF that reverses the affect of UV light
question
What can stop PHF and UV light?
answer
Anything that covers the bacteria (tin foil)
question
Skin infections caused by staph aureus
answer
Boils, carbuncles, impetigo, SSSS, toxic shock syndrome
question
Mannitol salt agar: Selective or Non-selective?
answer
Selective
question
Trypticase soy agar: Selective or non-selective
answer
Non-selective
question
S. aureus test
answer
Positive for everything
question
S. Epidermis test
answer
Tests negative for coagulase production, mannitol fermentation and pigment production
question
URT bacteria
answer
Streptococcus (dental caries)
Staphylococci (abcesses)
Haemophilus influenzae (otitis media)
Moraxella catarrhalis (sinusitis)
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia)
Staphylococci (abcesses)
Haemophilus influenzae (otitis media)
Moraxella catarrhalis (sinusitis)
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia)
question
Alpha hemolysis
answer
Green. Partially destroys RBC membrane
question
Beta hemolysis
answer
Clear halo. Completely lyses RBC membrane
question
Gamma hemolysis
answer
Creamy colonies. No hemolysis
question
How does strep pyogenes grow?
answer
Very small white colonies surrounded by clear zones of beta-hemolysis
question
Dextran
answer
Glucose gets polymerized into this
question
Glycocalyx
answer
When dextan surrounds the cells and attaches to the teeth
question
What causes dental caries?
answer
Strep mutans
question
Risks of dental extraction surgery
answer
Can lead to bacteremia and infective endocarditis
question
What does the Snyder Test measure?
answer
Lactobacilli
question
Yeast
answer
Unicellular
question
Mold
answer
Multicellular
question
Septate
answer
division of cells
question
Shape of arthroconidia
answer
Rectangular, larger
question
Zygospore: Diploid or haploid
answer
Diploid
question
Basidiomycetes
answer
Dicharyotes
question
Dimorphism
answer
Can be mold at 25C or yeast at depending on temp
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