question
Define sterilization, commercial sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, sanitization, sepsis, asepsis.
answer
sterilization: the removal or destruction of all microorganisms, including endospores
commercial sterilization: a process of treating canned goods aimed at destroying the endospores of Clostridium botulinum
disinfection: any treatment used on inanimate objects to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms; a chemical used is called disinfectant; control directed at destroying harmful microorganisms
antisepsis: a chemical method for disinfection of the skin or mucous
sanitization: the removal of microbes from eating utensils and food preparation areas
sepsis: the presence of a toxin or pathogenic organisms in blood and tissue
aspesis: the absence of contamination by unwanted organisms
commercial sterilization: a process of treating canned goods aimed at destroying the endospores of Clostridium botulinum
disinfection: any treatment used on inanimate objects to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms; a chemical used is called disinfectant; control directed at destroying harmful microorganisms
antisepsis: a chemical method for disinfection of the skin or mucous
sanitization: the removal of microbes from eating utensils and food preparation areas
sepsis: the presence of a toxin or pathogenic organisms in blood and tissue
aspesis: the absence of contamination by unwanted organisms
question
Explain differences in effectiveness between moist and dry heat; steam under pressure; refrigerating & freezing with regards to microbial control, pasteurization.
answer
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question
Explain how each of the following kills microbes: heat, UV light, alcohol, phenol, biguanides, aldehydes, peroxygens, halogens, heavy metals, surfactants.
answer
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question
List conditions that affect rate of microbial death.
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question
What chemicals are used for food preservation?
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question
Define antimicrobial, antibiotic, chemotherapy, broad spectrum, narrow spectrum, selective toxicity, bactericidal, bacteriostatic, superinfection.
answer
antimicrobial: drugs that interfere with the growth of microorganisms within a host
antibiotic: an antimicrobial agent, usually produced naturally by a bacterium or fungus
chemotherapy: treatment of disease with chemical substances
narrow spectrum: only active against a small group of bacteria (you know what specific bacteria you are treating when using these)
broad spectrum: work against a wide variety of bacteria (can be used in cases where you may not be exactly sure what bacteria is causing the infection)
selective toxicity: the property of some antimicrobial agents to be toxic for a microorganism and nontoxic for the host
bactericidal: directly kill the bacteria
bacteriostatic: pause or slow the growth of bacteria, allowing for the hosts immune system to kill the bacteria
superinfection: the growth pf a pathogen that has developed resistance to an antimicrobial drug being used; the growth of an opportunistic pathogen
antibiotic: an antimicrobial agent, usually produced naturally by a bacterium or fungus
chemotherapy: treatment of disease with chemical substances
narrow spectrum: only active against a small group of bacteria (you know what specific bacteria you are treating when using these)
broad spectrum: work against a wide variety of bacteria (can be used in cases where you may not be exactly sure what bacteria is causing the infection)
selective toxicity: the property of some antimicrobial agents to be toxic for a microorganism and nontoxic for the host
bactericidal: directly kill the bacteria
bacteriostatic: pause or slow the growth of bacteria, allowing for the hosts immune system to kill the bacteria
superinfection: the growth pf a pathogen that has developed resistance to an antimicrobial drug being used; the growth of an opportunistic pathogen
question
List the bacterial targets of antimicrobial drug classes covered in class. For each cellular target list some representative antibiotics and basically how they work.
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question
Describe how antibiotic effectiveness is tested in a lab.
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question
List some common ways antibiotic resistance can arise.
answer
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