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definition of health 1947
answer
a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely theabsence of disease or infirmity
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1984
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the extent to which an individual or group, on the one hand, to realizeaspirations and to satisfy needs; and, on the other hand, to change or copewith the environment. Health is, therefore, seen as a resource for everydaylife, not objective of living; it is a positive concept emphasizing social &personal resources, as well as physical capabilities
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Health
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objective & complex phenomena
functional stability, balance & integrity
positive state of being
considers multidimensional aspects of the individual - physical fitness,emotional/mental stability, social/spiritual ease
impacted by social & economic condition
functional stability, balance & integrity
positive state of being
considers multidimensional aspects of the individual - physical fitness,emotional/mental stability, social/spiritual ease
impacted by social & economic condition
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Health Care
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emphasis is more health than illness focus
"upstream approach"
focus on health promotion / illness prevention
individuals - proactive with health
"upstream approach"
focus on health promotion / illness prevention
individuals - proactive with health
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Recipients of Nursing include
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individuals, families, communities
Referred to as:
patients
clients
residents
consumers
guests
Referred to as:
patients
clients
residents
consumers
guests
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Individuality
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Dimensions
character
self-identity
perceptions
character
self-identity
perceptions
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Holism
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"Assessment of whole person"
an individual is more than the sum of its parts
Physical
Emotional
Psycho-Social
Spiritual
an individual is more than the sum of its parts
Physical
Emotional
Psycho-Social
Spiritual
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Wellness
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subjective perception
state of optimal health that is defined by the individual
ability to perform to potential
ability to adjust/adapt to change
feeling of well-being
feeling "all is well"/ "harmony
impacted by environment
most individuals have minor health problems
level of wellness is defined by the individual
dynamic process towards optimal functioning
state of optimal health that is defined by the individual
ability to perform to potential
ability to adjust/adapt to change
feeling of well-being
feeling "all is well"/ "harmony
impacted by environment
most individuals have minor health problems
level of wellness is defined by the individual
dynamic process towards optimal functioning
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Wellness Continum
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a spectrum of wellness states from irreversible damage to optimum wellness
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Illness
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personal experience of feeling unhealthy.... a subjective experience
state of diminished physical, social, emotional, intellectual, & spiritualfunctioning
not same as disease
state of diminished physical, social, emotional, intellectual, & spiritualfunctioning
not same as disease
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Disease
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disease - an objective state of health
etiology, signs & symptoms, remission, exacerbation
can be acute or chronic
etiology, signs & symptoms, remission, exacerbation
can be acute or chronic
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Impact of Health (Self)
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Behavioural - irritable, lethargic
Emotional - anger, fear, denial, powerlessness
Self-concept - disfigurement, dependence
Lifestyle - unemployment, socialization
Autonomy - lack of control
Emotional - anger, fear, denial, powerlessness
Self-concept - disfigurement, dependence
Lifestyle - unemployment, socialization
Autonomy - lack of control
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Impact on health (family)
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Role
Financial
Loneliness
Financial
Loneliness
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Historical Approaches to Health Care (3 types)
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Medical approach
Behavioural approach
Socioenvironmental approach
Behavioural approach
Socioenvironmental approach
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Medical Approach
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focus on treatment of disease
focus on physiological health
no emphasis on prevention /promotion
noted that there was no improvement in health
focus on physiological health
no emphasis on prevention /promotion
noted that there was no improvement in health
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Behavioral Approach
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Incorporated into the 1970's
. Presented itself when large amounts of money was being spent on health care.
Medical approach to health care is inadequate
The Health status of Canadians were not improving
. Improvement in the environment, choosing healthy behaviors, and knowledge of healthy lifestyle
Individuals are responsible for their own health
Originated from the Lalonde report
. Presented itself when large amounts of money was being spent on health care.
Medical approach to health care is inadequate
The Health status of Canadians were not improving
. Improvement in the environment, choosing healthy behaviors, and knowledge of healthy lifestyle
Individuals are responsible for their own health
Originated from the Lalonde report
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La Londe Report
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Shifted emphasis from a medical to behavioral approach to health
. Broadly defined health determinants as lifestyle, environment,human biology, and the organization of care
. Decrease behavioral risk factors such as smoking, substanceabuse, lack of exercise, and an unhealthy diet
. Broadly defined health determinants as lifestyle, environment,human biology, and the organization of care
. Decrease behavioral risk factors such as smoking, substanceabuse, lack of exercise, and an unhealthy diet
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Behavioural Approach
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Strategies were focused on the assumption that if people have knowledge about risk factors of disease, they will in their ownself-interest engage in health behaviours
. Several educational initiatives were started i.e. Canada's' FoodGuide; PARTICIPATION initiative.
. Several educational initiatives were started i.e. Canada's' FoodGuide; PARTICIPATION initiative.
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Socioenvironmental Approach
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Surfaced in the mid 1980's when the behavioural approach wasfalling to disfavor
Socioenvironmental questioned "Do people choose bad health or do their environment pose obstacles for attaining good health?"
This approach increased awareness that living and working conditions can have an influence on health
Socioenvironmental questioned "Do people choose bad health or do their environment pose obstacles for attaining good health?"
This approach increased awareness that living and working conditions can have an influence on health
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Socioenvironmental Approach
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Focuses on promoting healthy environments
Reducing health disparities
Health is connected to social structures
acknowledges effect of social inequities on health
emphasis on empowerment & community
change in perspective from therapeutic care to health promotion/health protection
This approach landed two major reports in Ottawa in 1986 for the FirstInternational Conference on Health Promotion
The EPP Report also called "Achieving Health for All: A Framework forHealth Promotion".
reduce inequity, increase prevention, enhance coping mechanisms
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
supported a socioenvironmental approach
Reducing health disparities
Health is connected to social structures
acknowledges effect of social inequities on health
emphasis on empowerment & community
change in perspective from therapeutic care to health promotion/health protection
This approach landed two major reports in Ottawa in 1986 for the FirstInternational Conference on Health Promotion
The EPP Report also called "Achieving Health for All: A Framework forHealth Promotion".
reduce inequity, increase prevention, enhance coping mechanisms
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
supported a socioenvironmental approach
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Epp Report
answer
In 1986, Jake Epp, the Canadian Minister of National Health and Welfarereleased: "Achieving Health for All: A Framework for Health Promotion" known asthe "Epp report"
Identified 3 major health challenges Reducing inequities
Increasing prevention
Enhancing coping mechanismsAchieving Health for All:A Framework for Health Promotion
Government needs to assess the health status of groups that are at a disadvantage andreducing inequalities.
Detecting and managing chronic disease
Identify preventable diseases and focus on prevention.
Increase peoples abilities to cope
. Implementing health promotion programs
Strengthening community health service
Identified 3 major health challenges Reducing inequities
Increasing prevention
Enhancing coping mechanismsAchieving Health for All:A Framework for Health Promotion
Government needs to assess the health status of groups that are at a disadvantage andreducing inequalities.
Detecting and managing chronic disease
Identify preventable diseases and focus on prevention.
Increase peoples abilities to cope
. Implementing health promotion programs
Strengthening community health service
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Achieving Health for All:A Framework for Health Promotion Followed the Lalonde Report
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Followed the Lalonde Report
. Health was conceptualized as a function of more than just medicineadvancement.
Stressed the important contributions of health lifestyle, nutrition andphysical environment
. It broadened health promotion to include environmental and lifestyle.
Introduced healthy public policy.
. Health was conceptualized as a function of more than just medicineadvancement.
Stressed the important contributions of health lifestyle, nutrition andphysical environment
. It broadened health promotion to include environmental and lifestyle.
Introduced healthy public policy.
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Ottawa Charter
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Socioenvironmental approach to health.
Identified prerequisites for health as peace, shelter, education, food, income,a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice, and equity
.Places responsibility for health on society rather then only individuals
.5 strategies associated with this report has been the health promotionframework for many countries
Identified prerequisites for health as peace, shelter, education, food, income,a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice, and equity
.Places responsibility for health on society rather then only individuals
.5 strategies associated with this report has been the health promotionframework for many countries
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Ottawa Charter Strategies
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Build public health promotion policies at all levels of government.
Create and maintain supportive physical, social, cultural, spiritual, and economicenvironments.
Strengthen community action to achieve better health via priority setting andresponsible decision-making inclusive of diligent assessment, planning andimplementation.
Develop personal skills to enable preparation of all life stages, including illness andinjury.
Redefine and/or reorient health services to better meet the individual and community need
Create and maintain supportive physical, social, cultural, spiritual, and economicenvironments.
Strengthen community action to achieve better health via priority setting andresponsible decision-making inclusive of diligent assessment, planning andimplementation.
Develop personal skills to enable preparation of all life stages, including illness andinjury.
Redefine and/or reorient health services to better meet the individual and community need
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Strategies for Population Health
answer
Report titled Strategies for Population Health: Investing in the Health of Canadians
12 key health determinants at the individual level and at the populationlevel
12 key health determinants at the individual level and at the populationlevel
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Population Health Promotion Model
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Stakeholders must collaborate to address health determinants.
Society is responsible for its members' health status.
Health status is a result of health practices and social and physical environments
Opportunities for healthy living are based on social justice, equity, and relationships of mutual trust and caring.
Health care, health protection, and disease prevention complement healthpromotion.
Active participation in policies and programs is essential
Society is responsible for its members' health status.
Health status is a result of health practices and social and physical environments
Opportunities for healthy living are based on social justice, equity, and relationships of mutual trust and caring.
Health care, health protection, and disease prevention complement healthpromotion.
Active participation in policies and programs is essential
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Toronto Charter on theSocial Determinants of Health
answer
Identified inequalities and health disparities within social and health policies.
Social determinants:
- Indigenous status
- early life
- education
- employment and working conditions
- food security
- gender
- health care services
- housing, income and its distribution
- social safety net
- social exclusion
- and unemployment and employment security
Social determinants:
- Indigenous status
- early life
- education
- employment and working conditions
- food security
- gender
- health care services
- housing, income and its distribution
- social safety net
- social exclusion
- and unemployment and employment security
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Foundation Document
answer
Lalonde Report
Ottawa Charter
Epp Report
Strategies for Population Health
Toronto Charter
Ottawa Charter
Epp Report
Strategies for Population Health
Toronto Charter
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Determinants of Health
answer
Income and social status (income and its distribution)
Social support networks
Education and literacy
Employment and working conditions (unemployment and employment security)
Physical environments (geography, housing, food security)
Biological and genetic endowment
Individual health practices and coping skills
Healthy child development (early life)
Health services
Gender
Culture (immigrant status, ethnicity, Indigenous ancestry)
Social environments (social safety net, social exclusion, disability)
Social support networks
Education and literacy
Employment and working conditions (unemployment and employment security)
Physical environments (geography, housing, food security)
Biological and genetic endowment
Individual health practices and coping skills
Healthy child development (early life)
Health services
Gender
Culture (immigrant status, ethnicity, Indigenous ancestry)
Social environments (social safety net, social exclusion, disability)
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Social Determinants of Health
answer
refer to a specific group of social and economic factors within the broader determinants of health
. these relate to an individual's place in society, such as income, education or employment.
experiences of discrimination, racism and historical trauma are importantsocial determinants of health for certain groups such as Indigenous Peoples,LGBTQ and Black Canadians
. these relate to an individual's place in society, such as income, education or employment.
experiences of discrimination, racism and historical trauma are importantsocial determinants of health for certain groups such as Indigenous Peoples,LGBTQ and Black Canadians
question
Strategies that Influence the Health Determinants (Health promotion):
answer
Build healthy public policy
Create supportive environments
Strengthen community action
Develop personal skills
change the focus and preception health services
Create supportive environments
Strengthen community action
Develop personal skills
change the focus and preception health services
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Strategies that Influencethe Health Determinants (disease prevention)
answer
disease prevention, understood as specific, population-based and individual-basedinterventions for primary and secondary (early detection) prevention, aiming tominimize the burden of diseases and associated risk factors
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What is Global Health?
answer
• "The optimal well-being of all humans from the individual and collectiveperspective" (CNA, 2009)
• Encompasses prevention, treatment, and care, while focusing on theimprovement of health for all and health equity (Koplan et al., 2009)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRyj6htVvUI
• Encompasses prevention, treatment, and care, while focusing on theimprovement of health for all and health equity (Koplan et al., 2009)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRyj6htVvUI
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Global Health in Nursing
answer
• Global Health is concerned with saving lives by improving health throughoutthe world
• Nurses are engaging both locally and internationally, as employees andvolunteers with a diverse array of government, military, philanthropic, faith-based, academic and healthcare organizations
.• There are many new opportunities for nurses to work across the borders
.• The study of different cultural awareness in many parts of the world innursing schools has enabled nurses to desire to venture in unfamiliar places
• Nurses are engaging both locally and internationally, as employees andvolunteers with a diverse array of government, military, philanthropic, faith-based, academic and healthcare organizations
.• There are many new opportunities for nurses to work across the borders
.• The study of different cultural awareness in many parts of the world innursing schools has enabled nurses to desire to venture in unfamiliar places
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Comparison of Global, International and Public Health
answer
• The environmental aspect of the metaparadigm centers on the physical,economic, emotional, ecological dimensions, social surroundings, andsocietal beliefs, which interact to shape and influence the health ofindividuals and populations.
• Environments are fluid and subject to have positive and negative changes.
• The construct and maintenance of positive environments, that promote well-being and empowerment, are influenced by health care advocates
• Environments are fluid and subject to have positive and negative changes.
• The construct and maintenance of positive environments, that promote well-being and empowerment, are influenced by health care advocates
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Environment
answer
• An intact and healthy ecosystem
• Disease prevented by healthy environment
• One Health: the interdependence of humans, plants, and animals
• Planetary health: the health of human civilization and the state of the naturalsystems on which it depends
• Disease prevented by healthy environment
• One Health: the interdependence of humans, plants, and animals
• Planetary health: the health of human civilization and the state of the naturalsystems on which it depends
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Environmental Sustainability
answer
• climate change
• ultraviolet radiation
• air, water, and soil pollution
• chemical exposures
• ultraviolet radiation
• air, water, and soil pollution
• chemical exposures
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Environmental Risk Factors
answer
when all people have the opportunity to attain their full health potential and no one is disadvantaged from achieving this potential because of their social position or other socially determined circumstance
• Health disparities
• Health inequities
• Social determinants of health
• Health equity
• Health disparities
• Health inequities
• Social determinants of health
• Health equity
question
• Health equity
answer
• It is important to have access to reliable data
.• Global burden of disease (GBD) is a metric that quantifiesthe health of populations at regional or national levels
.• GBD estimates
:• Morbidity and mortality
• Disability-adjusted life year (DALY)
.• Global burden of disease (GBD) is a metric that quantifiesthe health of populations at regional or national levels
.• GBD estimates
:• Morbidity and mortality
• Disability-adjusted life year (DALY)
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Global Burden of Disease (data)
answer
• COVID - 19 pandemic
• Climate change
• Non communicable diseases (NCDs)
• Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)
• Health inequity
• Global violence
• Gender equality
• Climate change
• Non communicable diseases (NCDs)
• Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)
• Health inequity
• Global violence
• Gender equality
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Global Health Issues
answer
• a theoretical perspective regarding the influence of different socialcharacteristics—race, ethnicity, gender, class, and socioeconomic status—ona particular phenomenon, such as the experience of health and its outcomes.
• Intersectoral Action for Health (IAH)• Global citizenshipCultural Diversity• Canada has always been a multicultural nation
.• The 2011 Canadian census revealed that more than 200 different ethnicorigins were reported
.• Multiculturalism
• Immigration
• Refugees
• Displaced persons
• Intersectoral Action for Health (IAH)• Global citizenshipCultural Diversity• Canada has always been a multicultural nation
.• The 2011 Canadian census revealed that more than 200 different ethnicorigins were reported
.• Multiculturalism
• Immigration
• Refugees
• Displaced persons
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Intersectionality
answer
• Canada has always been a multicultural nation
.• The 2011 Canadian census revealed that more than 200 different ethnicorigins were reported.
• Multiculturalism
• Immigration
• Refugees
• Displaced persons
.• The 2011 Canadian census revealed that more than 200 different ethnicorigins were reported.
• Multiculturalism
• Immigration
• Refugees
• Displaced persons
question
Cultural Diversity
answer
• Shared patterns of learned values and behaviours that aretransmitted over time and that distinguish the members of one group from another
• Can include language, ethnicity, spiritual and religious beliefs,socioeconomic class, gender, sexual orientation, age, group history, geographic origin, education, and childhood/life experiences
• Can include language, ethnicity, spiritual and religious beliefs,socioeconomic class, gender, sexual orientation, age, group history, geographic origin, education, and childhood/life experiences
question
Culture
answer
• Stereotypes
• Discrimination
• Racism
• Discrimination
• Racism
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Cultural Conflicts ethnocentrism
answer
• Use own values as guide to understanding others' behaviour andprovision of services
question
cultural conflicts Cultural imposition
answer
• Comparative study of cultures to understand similarities and differences across human groups
• Culturally congruent care
• Culturally competent care
• Culturally congruent care
• Culturally competent care
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Transcultural Nursing
answer
• Cultural awareness
• Cultural knowledge
• Cultural skills
• Cultural encounters
• Cultural desire
• Cultural knowledge
• Cultural skills
• Cultural encounters
• Cultural desire
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cultural competence
answer
• Cultural safety
• Cultural sensitivity-Being aware that cultural differences and similarities between people exist without assigning them a value - positive or negative, better or worse, right or wrong
• Cultural awareness-Someone's cultural awareness is their understanding of the differences between themselves and people from other countries or other backgrounds, especially differences in attitudes and values.
• Cultural humility
• Cultural sensitivity-Being aware that cultural differences and similarities between people exist without assigning them a value - positive or negative, better or worse, right or wrong
• Cultural awareness-Someone's cultural awareness is their understanding of the differences between themselves and people from other countries or other backgrounds, especially differences in attitudes and values.
• Cultural humility
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Cultural Safety and Humility
answer
• A systematic and comprehensive examination of the cultural care values,beliefs, and practices of individuals, families, and communities
• Gathering of information that will enable the nurse to provide culturallycongruent care
• Gathering of information that will enable the nurse to provide culturallycongruent care
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Cultural Assessment
answer
• Interprofessional education
• Collaborative practice-ready workforce
• Global health competencies
• National and international organizations for global health
• Collaborative practice-ready workforce
• Global health competencies
• National and international organizations for global health
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Global Health Nursing
answer
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