- personal and inborn features of an individual
- individual lifestyle factors
- social support from family, friends, and community
- living and work conditions
- socioeconomic factors
- genetic makeup
- sex
- age
- stronger social networks and stronger support that people get from those networks -> healthier people
- culture
- housing
- access to safe water and sanitation
- access to nutritious food
- access to health services
- culture
- education
- socioeconomic status (SES)
- environment
- natural environment (climate, food and water supply)
- macro issues (historical conditions, governance, economic and social policies, demography, conflict/war)
- inequalities (distribution of wealth, employment and education opportunities, and political influence)
- built environment (land use and city planning, transportation systems, services and facilities)
- social context (community policies and investments, enforcement of ordinances, civic participation, quality of education)
- material circumstances (income, living and working conditions, food availability, environmental toxins)
- behavioral factors (physical activity, smoking, alcohol use, dietary practices, sexual behavior, use of healthcare)
- psychosocial factors (education level, social participation and integration, social support)
the number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live births in a given year
the average number of years a newborn baby could expect to live if current mortality trend were to continue for the rest of the newborn's life
the number of women who die as a result of pregnancy and childbirth complications per 100,000 live births in a given year
the number of deaths of infants under 28 days of age in a given year per 1,000 live births in a given year
the probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age 5, expressed as a number per 1,000 live births
sickness or any departure, subjective or objective, from a psychological or physiological state of well-being
the number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year
temporary or long-term reduction in a person's capacity to function
the proportion of the population that is diseased at a single point in time
measures how many people get a disease, or a specific number of people at risk, for a given period of time
usually depends on how commonly the disease occurs in a year and is often per 1,000 or per 100,000 people
intervening before health effects occur, through measures such as vaccinations, altering risky behaviors, and banning substances known to be associated with disease or health condition
screening to identify diseases in the earliest stages, before the onset of signs and symptoms, through measures such as mammography and regular BP testing
managing disease post-diagnosis to slow or stop progression through measures such as chemotherapy, rehabilitation, and screening for complications
illnesses caused by a particular infectious agent that spreads directly or indirectly from people to people, animal to people, or people to animal (aka infectious diseases); ex. influenza, measles, and HIV
illnesses that are not spread by an infectious agent; ex. hypertension, CVD, and diabetes
- people in many countries wait until a child is a certain age before registering the birth (culture)
- lack of access to vital registration
- generally have only rudimentary systems for vital registration, which cannot fulfill either their statistical or legal purposes
- access is highly inequitable with higher-income groups enjoying much better access than less well-off people
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