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consumer surplus when there are externalities= Qmarket and Pmarket
answer
area under demand curve subtended by Pmarket
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consumer surplus at P Q
answer
area under demand curve subtended by P*
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Change in consumer surplus
answer
total consumer surplus minus the difference between the CS at Pmarket and CS P*
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Producer surplus at Q*
answer
area above the supply curve below P*
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Producer surplus at Qmarket
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the area above the supply curve and below Pmarket
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cost to society
answer
area under the social cost curve bound by Qmarket
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amount recieved by sellers
answer
Qmarket times Pmarket
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producer surplus at Qmarket
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(area under Pmarket and above the SC curve) minus (the area under the SC curve bound by Pmarket below and Qmarket on the right side)
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internalizing an externality
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altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions
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Pigouvian taxes
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named after Arthur Cecil Pigou, these are corrective taxes are intended to correct the effects of negative externalities.
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corrective tax on pollution
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sets the price of pollution which, together with the demand curve, determines the quantity of pollution
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pollution permits
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pollution permits set the quantity of pollution which, together with the demand curve, determines the price of pollution
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coase theorem
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Ronald Coase: the preposition that if two parties can bargain without transaction costs they can solve the problem of externalities on their own
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transaction costs
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the costs incurred in the process of the agreeing and following through on a bargain