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a. Must find the organism in all cases, but
not in healthy people
b. Must grow the organism in pure culture
c. Must use the pure culture to cause an
experimental infection
d. Must isolate the organism in pure culture from the experimentally infected animal
not in healthy people
b. Must grow the organism in pure culture
c. Must use the pure culture to cause an
experimental infection
d. Must isolate the organism in pure culture from the experimentally infected animal
answer
Proof based on Koch's Postulates, that is:
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pyogenic
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pus producing
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Pathogenic
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implies the ability to cause disease
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Virulence
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is a measure of pathogenicity
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virulence factors
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Certain products and/or structures of bacteria
facilitate their in vivo growth, damage host
tissues, and/or resist host defenses; these
are called
facilitate their in vivo growth, damage host
tissues, and/or resist host defenses; these
are called
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predisposing factors
answer
An event can weaken the host defenses
favoring an infection; these are called
favoring an infection; these are called
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IgA proteases
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degrade IgA on membranes
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Proteases
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degrade immunoglobulins, defensins, complement, surfactants, cytokines, etc.
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Leukocidins
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destroy neutrophils & macrophage
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Bacterial capsule, cell wall proteins, and biofilms
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can inhibit complement and/or phagocytosis
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Adhesins (pili, fimbriae, others)
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allow binding to host surfaces and prevent mechanical clearanc
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Lytic toxins
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destroy rbc's, wbc's, and other cells
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Neurotoxins
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• inhibit normal nerve function •
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Cytotoxins
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kill cells
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Ribosylating toxins
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can alter host metabolism (e.g., cause diarrhea)
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Exogenous Pathogens.
Endogenous Pathogens
Endogenous Pathogens
answer
Two Types of Pathogenic Bacteria
question
Exogenous Pathogens.
answer
Acquired organism
that can establish infections and cause diseases without predisposing factors in the host - - - often very virulent, seldom contact host
that can establish infections and cause diseases without predisposing factors in the host - - - often very virulent, seldom contact host
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Endogenous Pathogens
answer
. Live in or on humans and cause infections when there is a compromising condition. Members of our microbiome, called our "normal flora", are often opportunistic pathogens.
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commensal
mutualistic
symbiotic
mutualistic
symbiotic
answer
The relationship between the host and the
flora (microbiome or microbiota) is often called
"??"; only one partner benefits
However, this relationship probably is
"______" or "______"; both benefit.
flora (microbiome or microbiota) is often called
"??"; only one partner benefits
However, this relationship probably is
"______" or "______"; both benefit.
question
nfecting Dose 50 (ID50)
answer
is the number
of organisms needed to infect half of the
inoculated individuals
of organisms needed to infect half of the
inoculated individuals
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Lethal dose 50 (LD50)
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is the number of organisms needed to kill half of the inoculated individuals
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sub-clinical infection
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In some cases a pathogen can infect and replicate, but cause no harm - - - called a
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Endogenous infections
answer
involve organism that are found in the normal human flora
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Nosocomial infections
answer
are hospital acquired infections - - - often are endogenous infections
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Exogenous organisms
answer
are typically not part of the normal human flora
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Incubation period
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is the time from acquisition of the organisms to the start of symptoms
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Prodromal period
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is the time during which there are non-specific symptoms, but bug can spread
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Acute illness
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is when specific signs and symptoms of the disease are present
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Recovery period
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is the time during which the illness subsides and patient returns to health
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Endotoxin
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- part of the gram-neg bacterial surface - released in membrane fragments
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Injected Toxin -
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specialized structure injects protein(s) directly into the cytoplasm of mammalian cells
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Exotoxins -
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secreted protein
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exotoxin.
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Mechanisms of Endotoxin Action
Binds ???? 'receptor complex' on B cells, macrophages and on other cells - - - this triggers prostaglandin and cytokine release - - - IL1, TNFα, PAF, and IL-6
Binds ???? 'receptor complex' on B cells, macrophages and on other cells - - - this triggers prostaglandin and cytokine release - - - IL1, TNFα, PAF, and IL-6
question
endotoxin.
answer
endotoxin Up-regulates clotting factor on endothelial cells to cause
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LBP, CD14, MD2, and TLR4
answer
______ assay certifies that solutions are free of endotoxin
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disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
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toxic moiety composed of two sugars each linked to unusual branching fatty acids - -
- - - chemistry of fatty acids determines the potency of the LPS
- - - chemistry of fatty acids determines the potency of the LPS
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Limulus
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group specific antigen exposed on rough colony (R antigen), antibody to R may help clear LPS
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Lipid A:
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type specific antigen and its presence is needed for a smooth colony and full virulence
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Core Carbohydrate:
answer
Exotoxins are secreted proteins that can be very powerful and lethal
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O-Side Chain:
answer
Scalded-Skin Syndrome: S. aureus ________ Toxin
question
1. Super antigens
2. Lytic cytotoxins
3. Neurotoxins
4. Enzymatic ribosylating toxins
5. Hydrolytic enzymes
2. Lytic cytotoxins
3. Neurotoxins
4. Enzymatic ribosylating toxins
5. Hydrolytic enzymes
answer
Type III Secretion System: Cell Injection Machine
Bacteria surround a macrophage and inject _____ into the cell - - - can kill or control the cell
Bacteria surround a macrophage and inject _____ into the cell - - - can kill or control the cell
question
Exfoliative
answer
Where is LPS located?
a. Interspersed in the inner (cytoplasmic) membrane
b. Embedded within the peptidoglycan
c. Outer surface of the outer membrane
d. Within the cytoplasm (endotoxin)
a. Interspersed in the inner (cytoplasmic) membrane
b. Embedded within the peptidoglycan
c. Outer surface of the outer membrane
d. Within the cytoplasm (endotoxin)
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proteins
answer
2. What are the three components of LPS?
a. Peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, and capsule
b. Peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, and phospholipid
c. Lipid A, core carbohydrate, and O-side chain
d. Lipid A, teichoic acid, and O-side chain
a. Peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, and capsule
b. Peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, and phospholipid
c. Lipid A, core carbohydrate, and O-side chain
d. Lipid A, teichoic acid, and O-side chain
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c. Outer surface of the outer membrane
answer
The difference in terms of LPS structure for rough and smooth gram-negative bacteria is that smooth bacteria have?
a. more teichoic acid
b. more core polysaccharide
c. a normal lipid A
d. a normal O-side chain
a. more teichoic acid
b. more core polysaccharide
c. a normal lipid A
d. a normal O-side chain
question
c. Lipid A, core carbohydrate, and O-side chain
answer
What antigens are associated with LPS?
a. K antigen and H antigen
b. H antigen and O antigen
c. K antigen and R antigen
d. R antigen and O antigen
a. K antigen and H antigen
b. H antigen and O antigen
c. K antigen and R antigen
d. R antigen and O antigen
question
d. a normal O-side chain
answer
What structural appendage on bacteria forms a conduit to inject proteins from bacterial cytoplasm into the mammalian cytosol?
a. Endotoxin
b. Exotoxin c. KDO portion of LPS
d. Capsule
e. Type III Secretion System
a. Endotoxin
b. Exotoxin c. KDO portion of LPS
d. Capsule
e. Type III Secretion System
question
d. R antigen and O antigen
answer
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question
e. Type III Secretion System
answer
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