question
Normal microbiota
answer
microorganisms that reside on the surface and deep layers of skin, in the saliva and oral mucosa
question
Transient microbiota
answer
microorganisms that are only temporarily found in the human body
question
Symbiosis
answer
A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.
question
Commensalism
answer
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
question
Mutualism
answer
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit
question
Parasitism
answer
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed
question
Pathogen
answer
An organism that causes disease
question
Parasite
answer
An organism that feeds on a living host
question
Portal of entry
answer
any body opening on an uninfected person that allows pathogens to enter
question
What is the most predominant bacteria genus that grows on human skin?
answer
Staphylococcus
question
Is staphylococcus gram - or +
answer
Gram positive
question
__________ is a part of the normal microbiota of the skin, but can also be pathogenic
answer
Staphylococcus aureus
question
Staphylococcus aureus produces _______ which clots _______ in the blood, and is pathogenic
answer
coagulase, fibrin
question
How can we distinguish S. aureus from other staphylococcal species?
answer
A coagulase test
question
what is the mannitol salt agar mechanism for mannitol?
answer
Mannitol -> glucose -> acid
question
What is the mannitol salt agar mechanism for peptone?
answer
peptone -> amino acid -> ammonia
question
If an organism can ferment mannitol, it is considered ________
answer
pathogenic
question
What is the pH indicator for the MSA test and what do the colors indicate?
answer
Phenol red
Yellow: production of acid
Pink: production of ammonia
Yellow: production of acid
Pink: production of ammonia
question
If an organism utilizes peptone, it is considered __________
answer
nonpathogenic
question
In the staph latex test, the reagent contains latex particles that are bonded to _________ _____________ and ____________ ____
answer
human fibrinogen and human IgG
question
If a bacteria does not produce coagulase, then what will the reagent look like in the staph latex test?
answer
Smooth, no clumps
question
If there is growth on an MSA plate, what does this tell you about the organism?
answer
It is salt tolerant
question
If the MSA plate is yellow after incubation, what was utilized?
answer
Mannitol
question
What is the only microaerophilic bacteria we look at in this class?
answer
Streptococcus
question
What bacteria inhabits your throat?
answer
Streptococcus
question
What are the characteristics of streptococcus species?
answer
Microaerophilic, cocci, strepto arrangement, gram positive, and catalase negative
question
________ cause either the partial or complete destruction of red blood cells
answer
Hemolysin
question
Blood agar is a(n) ______________ and ________________ medium
answer
enrichment and differential
question
What type of hemolysis is pathogenic?
answer
Beta hemolysis
question
What type of hemolysis takes place when the medium is not changed?
answer
Gamma hemolysis
question
The bacteria that is carried into the mouth is considered what?
answer
Transient bacteria, meaning it will only stay for a short period of time
question
What are the three types of microorganisms found in the mouth?
answer
Streptococcus sanguis, streptococcus mutans, and streptococcus salivarius
question
what is the mechanism for S.Salivarius?
answer
Glucose -> acid = cavities
Sucrose
Fructose -> levan
Sucrose
Fructose -> levan
question
What is the mechanism for S. mutans
answer
Glucose -> Dextran = Plaque formation
Sucrose
Fructose -> Lactic acid = cavities
Sucrose
Fructose -> Lactic acid = cavities
question
What is the mechanism for S. Sanguis
answer
Glucose -> Dextran = Plaque formation
Sucrose
Fructose -> Lactic acid = cavities
Sucrose
Fructose -> Lactic acid = cavities
question
What bacteria colonizes the tongue?
answer
S. Salivarius
question
What bacteria colonize the teeth?
answer
S. mutans, S. Sanguis
question
The higher the number of _____________ the higher potential for cavities
answer
S. mutans
question
Can sugar free foods and drinks still give cavities?
answer
Yes, S. mutans ferments them, producing acid
question
Which test is selective for the S. mutans species due to the fact its ingredients inhibit gram negative organisms?
answer
The MSB test
question
What test can be used to look at hemolysis of the bacteria of the mouth?
answer
sSBA (Sucrose Blood Agar)
question
If there are rough, raised colonies on an MSB test, what does this mean?
answer
It is positive for S. mutans
question
If there are large raised colonies on the sSBA test, what bacteria does this indicate?
answer
S.Salivarius
question
If there are glistening colonies surrounded by indentures in the agar, what bacteria does this indicate?
answer
S.Sanguis
question
If there is a drop of liquid sugar on top of the colony, what bacteria does this indicate?
answer
S. mutans
question
_______ encourages capsule formation
answer
sucrose
question
T/F there is little to no bacteria in the small intestine and stomach
answer
true, due to the hydrochloric acid in the stomach and rapid movement in the small intestine
question
What types of relationships do bacteria in the large intestine have?
answer
commensalism or mutalism
question
How are pathogenic species kept out of the large intestine?
answer
Through synthesizing folic acid and vitamin K, making antibiotic substances
question
Enterics make up __________% of the GI tract
answer
10%
question
nonenterics are _____________
answer
anaerobes
question
Enterococcus and lactobacillus are examples of
answer
non-enterics
question
Non-coliforms are non-lactose fermenting and are typically _________
answer
pathogenic
question
Coliforms are lactose fermenting and are typically ____________
answer
nonpathogenic
question
___________ is selective for Gram-negative organisms and differential for lactose fermentation
answer
MacConkey Agar
question
Lactose fermentation that leads to acid accumulation on the MAC test turns the media
answer
Pink
question
What is the pH indicator used for MAC testing?
answer
Neutral red
question
What is the MAC mechanism for lactose?
answer
Lactose -> glucose -> acid
question
What is the MAC mechanism for peptone?
answer
peptone -> amino acid -> ammonia
question
What type of media is TJA?
answer
enrichment
question
What is SF broth selective for?
answer
enterococci bacteria
question
What is SF broth differential for?
answer
glucose fermentation
question
What ingredient of the SF broth inhibits gram negative organisms?
answer
Sodium azide
question
What color of SF broth indicated growth?
answer
Yellow
question
T/F all enterococci are able to ferment glucose
answer
True
question
What test do we use that is strictly differential?
answer
Triple Sugar Iron
question
What does TSI test for?
answer
carbohydrate fermentation, gas production, and hydrogen sulfide production
question
What does a red slant and yellow deep indicate?
answer
The bacteria only fermented glucose
question
What TSI results indicate the bacteria did not ferment sugar?
answer
A red slant and a red deep
question
What does a black color change in TSI test indicate?
answer
H2S has been produced
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