an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving health equity for all people world wide”
transnational, helps all
10. Air pollution and climate change
9. noncommunicable diseases
8. Global influenza pandemic
7. fragile and vulnerable setting
6. antimicrobial resistance
5. Ebola and other high threat pathogens
4. Weak primary health care
3. reluctance to vaccinate
2. Dengue
1. HIV/AIDS
to better understand social and economic outcomes
1. Population health statistics (life expectancy, mortality, disease incidence and prevalence)
2.Determinants of health (health behaviors, SES, living and work environments etc)
3.Health care (access, use, cost, quality etc)
The complex changes in patterns of health and disease for large populations
Including the interactions between these patterns and the sociological, economic, and demographic determinants
Age of Pestilence and Famine:
Age of Receding Pandemic:
The Age of Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases:
Oversimplifies health problems and illness problems across the globe
Low income and middle income countries often have high rates of non communicable diseases as well as communicable diseases.
Health disparities and inequities within country are obscured
How are countries grouped? Why might these groupings mask health inequities within countries?
Based on GNI (gross national income) per capita
Determined by World Bank
- high, upper middle, low middle, low
- countries still seen as higher income still must deal with NCD
low income: treatable communicable diseases, respiratory disease
lower middle: ischemic heart disease (NCD), then resp.
upper middle: ischemic heart disease (NCD) high income: ischemic heart disease
Why is access to healthcare not the only issue we must address to increase the health of the world?
SES
Poverty and economics
Politics (health policies, health benefits, discriminatory laws)
Social conditions (living and working conditions)
Social practices/behaviors (lifestyles)
Religious factors
Social support and social networks
"Health for All"
-wanted to have access to primary health care for everyone and everyone deserves to participate
PROMOTES wellness by encouraging positive health behaviors and discouraging negative health behaviors
PREVENT people from getting sick or injured by preventing the spread of disease and regulating the safety of living and working environments
epidemiology
branch of epidemiology that focuses on the social components of disease and illness
how social institutions, and social relationships are shaped by disease and illness
the origin of health problems and the distribution of health problems in a population
“Illness detective”
refers to the number of new cases
(new cases/ total population= incidence)
the total number of cases at any given time
(number of cases/ population x100 for percent)
-a disease occurs in greater numbers then expected for a given area over a given period of time
-when an infectious disease spreads rapidly to many people
More widespread and faster than an outbreak
Affects wider geographic area
Infects a greater number of people than epidemic
Is often caused by a new virus or a strain of the virus that has not circulated among people for a very long time
Often causes much higher number of deaths than epidemics
Often creates social description, economic loss, and general hardship
British servants (1967)
The lower the position in the social hierarchy, the higher mortality from CVD
Debunked executive stress
Poverty was not cause (those 2nd from the top were less healthy than top)
before those people fought to get care, people with AIDS had a death sentence and were discriminated against
- funding allowed those to have hope to live
-treatment was expensive and now became affordable
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