Social Aspects of Health & Wellness – Midterm Study Guide

- Focuses on social patterns rather than the individual behaviors.
- generated within social systems, social structures, and social organizations.

- Social patterns and interventions will be directed toward concerns outside of the individual
- Framing the problem as a public issue is not a personal trouble/ tribulation
- Departs from the assumption that individuals create their own fate through effort or personal qualities

how do organizational policies shape the likelihood of populations being screened for these cancers?

what is the best time to screen for breast or prostate cancer?

a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.

- Influenza and pneumonia
- Tuberculosis
- Diarrhea, enteritis, intestinal ulcers
- Heart disease
- Strokes
- Chronic kidney disease
- Accidents
- Cancer
- Senility
- Diphtheria

- point in history when infectious and parasitic diseases declines significantly, life expectancies increases and degenerative and chronic diseases become more common

in 1850, whites 40, blacks 23
in 2013 - whites 79 , blacks 75

the study of epidemics

Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group.

death rate

an instance of a disorder, illness, or injury involving a person.

the number of new cases of a specific health disorder within a given population during a stated period of time

the total number of cases of a health disorder that exist at any given time

A new rise of infectious disease include new forms and reemergence of old forms of disease
· HIV/ AIDS first new report in 1981
· Ebola virus
· Cholera and streptococcus have become more deadly
· Drug resistant tuberculosis
· Measles

long term illness such as muscular dystrophy, Huntington disease, PD

strikes and disappears quickly sometimes fatal other times only mild - infectious

A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be spread from one individual to another.

groups that promote illness-causing behaviors and social conditions. such as, Alcohol and tobaccos producers and distributors

No harm done

hypertension, heart disease, stroke, inflammation, sleep apnea, type 2 diabetes, GERD, gallstones, cancer

Medical errors

Operating on the wrong patient, amputating the wrong limb or breast, using drugs at full strength that should be diluted for stray, drug interactions....

- Belief that they are susceptible to a particular health problem.
- Belief that the problem is serious.
- Belief that adopting preventive measures will lessen the risk.
- There are no significant barriers to adopting preventive measures

belief that good health outcomes result from individual hard work not from God, nature, or genes.

argues that even though the common diseases and their causes may change over time and place, in each situation those with greater access to resources will experience better health because those resources help protect their health

A theory holding that lower-class persons have higher rates of illness because middle-class persons who become ill drift over time into the lower class.

are "collective patterns of health-related behavior based on [life] choices from options available to people according to their life chances".

the total number of cases (numerator) of a disease compared to the total number of people within a population (denominator). Used to describe a particular health disorder in relation to a particular population

is a measure of all infant deaths (under the age of one) in a geographic area divided by the number of live births in the region during a given time period.

Having characteristics of both sexes

Modern Western Medicine normally tries to hide, stigmatize, or eliminate it.

Diseases and disease-causing conditions spread rapidly from less to more developed nations and vice versa.

Refers to the ways that health and illness transcend borders- along with people, goods, health providers, floods, crops, and so on.

Social networks can:
- affect health by exposing individuals to specific social norms
- people with smaller networks will be less able to avoid or recover from illness, injury, or substance abuse

Most common causes of infant mortality in poorer nations are malnutrition and infections

Occurs most often when malnutrition or malaria causes anemia and as a result it causes women to hemorrhage during birth

Occurs most often in countries where resources are most inequitably distributed

Refers to the disproportionate burden of environmental pollution experienced by ethnic minorities

The steady rise in the proportion of the population who are female in each older age group so that women comprise a larger proportion of the elderly than of the young and middle aged.

Sex refers to the biological categories of male and female.
Gender refers to the social categories of masculine and feminine expectations.

A way of reinforcing social expectations and power relationships

domestic violence or battering between two people in a close relationship

Deaths occurring between 28 days and 11 months after birth.
Stem from poverty, malnutrition, maternal tobacco use, poor living conditions, and lack of health care fr ill infants.

The access has declines and cuts in public function have reduced options for teenagers and infant mortality.

The lowest age in less developed countries is 66, while the highest age is 75.
In most developed the highest age is 83 to put into perspective.

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strong and consistent. some sociologists label social class a "fundamental cause" of disease.

those considered minorities have less chances at life longevity. The correlation between social class and health is clear.

A recognition that access to a clean, healthy environment is a fundamental right of all human beings.

The HDI combines data for life expectancy, adult literacy and GDP per capita (a country's wealth divided by its population) to produce one single measure that is put on a scale from zero to one, where a scores closer to one indicate higher levels of development

According to Emergent Public Health Issues in the U.S. Mexico Border Region, rates of obesity and diabetes in the U.S.-Mexico border region are found to be the highest documented in the world with obesity affecting 40% of the adult population, and with diabetes rates more than 20% for some border population subgroups

-South Africa is the epicenter of global HIV/AIDS crisis
-rural to urban migration facilitates the spread in south africa
-Nature of sexual relationships: having casual unsafe and absusive sexual relationships. accept multiple partners and engage in unprotected sex, rejecting condoms.

Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite. The parasite is spread to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes. People who have malaria usually feel very sick with a high fever and shaking chills. While the disease is uncommon in temperate climates, malaria is still common in tropical and subtropical countries.

Can cause debilitating side effects and cost more than many residents of developing nations can afford.

emphasize the health of their entire populations of members. care specific to types of patients

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