Terms to know

Smallpox is a virus that you can defeat with science. Smallpox was viral in continents such as South America, Western and Eastern Africa, and Asia (India).

WHO eradication program started in a few countries in Africa and their goal was to vaccinate the entire population to stop the outbreak. It was successful and smallpox was eventually eradicated in the late 1970s.

Smallpox is caused by the infection of the variola virus, which is transmitted through direct contact with someone

Smallpox was so bad that people made up new gods to pray to. An example would be the Yoruba and Indian god.

inoculation of smallpox into the skin

Injecting a person with a small dose of a virus to help him or her build up defenses to a disease

He was the one who came up with the concept of Vaccination. He developed the smallpox vaccine

smallpox

Chickenpox

- visible signs of infection
- slow transmission of the virus
- life-long immunity after infection
- no non-human reservoir
- effective vaccine
- political and financial commitment

Because WHO established routine childhood immunization programs globally. This was made possible through
1) transnational cooperation
2) Interdisciplinary innovations
3) Promotion of equity and justice
4) Goal-directed investments (goal to eradicate smallpox)

an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide

Global health emphasizes this transnational cooperation and it involves different disciplines in the health sciences.

It focuses on both clinical care/treatment and prevention on a population level

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. It's not just being free of disease. It is a fundamental right

The population of the world will increase and projections show that it will reach 11 million but will stop its exponential growth

Yes, on average women outlive men

1) population pyramid
2) the Brandt line
3) regions which WHO and the World Bank delineated

A graph that shows the population of males and females, with age ranges on the y-axis and percentages on the x axis. Males are females are shown on bars, with the colors red and blue

An imaginary division that has provided a rough way of dividing all of the counties into the rich North and poor south. Of course, there are exceptions to this line

Developed suggests that the country has stopped developing, but is this always the case?

Colonialism, exploitation, slavery. The north took resources from the south

AFRO

AMRO

SEARO

EURO

EMRO

WPRO

6

7

1) North America
2) Latin America and Caribbean
3) Europe and Central Asia
4) Middle East and North Africa
5) Sub-Saharan Africa
6) South Asia
7) East Asia and Pacific

1) low income
2) lower-middle income
3) upper-middle income
4) high income

low and middle income countries. even through there are 4 groups, the low, lower-middle, and upper-middle income groups are collectively referred to as LMIC

high income countries

these are HIC that are part of a collaboration

It stands for the countries Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. These are the five major countries with emerging economies and they make up about 40% of the global population

it stands for the socio-demographic index and it considers the gross national income (GNI), educational attainment, and fertility rates

Gross National Income

restriction of oxygen

The most common types of diseases in the world are cardiovascular diseases. mainly stroke and ischemic heart disease

3

communicable diseases (infectious, transmissive), maternal and perinatal, nutritional deficiencies

Non-communicable and neuropsychiatric diseases. These are the most common types of diseases globally.

Injuries (intentional and unintentional)

the study and treatment of mental illness, emotional disturbance, and abnormal behavior.

countries with a high SDI

low SDI countries, making it a health disparity

Health inequities are differences in health status (disease burden) or in the distribution of health resources between different population groups. Health inequities are unfair and could be reduced by the right mix of government policies.

Our health outcomes depend on and are determined by the conditions in which we are born, grow live work, and eat

economic stability, education, physical environment, access to healthy food, community and social context, health care system

the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals

an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide

transnational health issues, determinants, and solutions

The health of human civilization and the state of the natural systems on which it depends

it's an example of planetary health

incorporates human, domestic animal, wildlife, and ecosystem health and has the potential to lead to effective solutions and save lives.

study of how diseases are distributed in a population (patterns), the risk factors or causes of the diseases (reasons), and how the disease burden, causes, and risk factors change (trends) over time.

- frequency of diseases (counts, prevalence, incidence)
- severity of diseases (mortality, life expectancy)
- consequences (societal, economical)
- people affected (age, sex, race)
- changes over time (trends)

- counts (not the best)
- prevalence
- incidence

total number of cases in a specified population per 100,000 people

Total number of cases present at a specific time/number of persons in that population at that specific time multiplied by 100,000

prevalence is the total number of new and existing cases in a specified population per 100,000 people at a specific time while incidence is the total number of new cases in a specified population per 100,000 people at risk within a specific period of time,

mortality, life expectancy and healthy life expectancy (HALE), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)

Healthy life expectancy

Disability-adjustment life years

YLL: years of life lost
YLD: years lived with disability

a child that is up to 1 year of age

maternal mortality ratio

they both have the same numerator (total number of deaths related to pregnancy during 1 year) but different denominators. Mortality rate calculates the number of death per women of reproductive age, while the mortality ratio calculates the number of deaths per total number of live births in that year

the proportion of people with a disease who die of that disease. case fatality rate is the total number of people dying from a disease/number of people with the disease x 100

all-cause, cause-specific, age-specific

year of birth, place of birth, age and cause-specific mortality rates

it is the average number of years that a person can expect to live in "full health" by taking into account years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury. usually HALE is less than LE (life expectancy)

YLD + YLL

if the cost of preventing one DALY is less than or equal to 3 units of a country's GDP/per capita

population prevention and treatment, individual clinical-care, collaboration and research

determinants of health is how people's health can be influenced by a range of factors such as their network of people, socio-economic status, health system, environment, and culture

structural determinants and intermediary determinants

the socioeconomic and political context that one grows up in (governance, policies, cultural values that people place in health)

socioeconomic positions influence intermediary determinants of health. examples include material circumstances (financial need to get food, access to equal housing), psychosocial factors (relationships, stressful living circumstances), and biological factors

a global effort to study and track disease burden across the world. it's funded by WHO, World Bank, and the Gates Foundation. It has been going on since 1990 and the findings are usually used by policymakers, funders, researchers, governments, etc

the premise of primary health care is that all people, everywhere, deserve the right care, right in their community

1) meeting people's health needs throughout their lives
2) addressing the broader determinants of health through policy and actions
3) empowering individuals, families, and communities to take charge of their own health

the millennium development goals were from 2000-2015 and there were 8 goals

Millennium Development Goals

the sustainable development goals is from 2016-2030 and there are 17 goals. it was the goal created after the millennium development goals

Sustainable Development Goals

determinants of health are factors that determine health. they include who we are, what we do, and conditions in which we are born, grow, live, work, and age

bio (genetics, sex, age)
psycho (mental health, experience, stress)
social (location, race/ethnicity, education, occupation, sexual orientation and gender identity)

racism that is pervasive in individual sectors such as housing, banking

1) more exposure to the virus (because their place of work usually does not have a remote option)
2) pre-existing conditions (asthma...)
3) no access to timely and quality healthcare (because they are less likely to be insured)

collection of organizations, institutions, resources and people whose primary purpose is to improve health. examples are Duke Health, WakeMed, UNC Health, Veterans Health Administration

1. Service delivery
2. Health workforce
3. Health information systems
4. Access to essential medicines such as medical products, vaccines, and technologies
5. Financing
6. Leadership/governance

service delivery:
1) deliver preventive, promotive, curative, and rehabilitative interventions
2) services should be effective, safe, and of high quality
3) services must reach those that need them, when and where needed
4) services should be implemented with minimum waste of resources

health workforce

services are delivered through health facilities

a pyramid that shows facilities that provide service for individuals and communities. the bottom of the pyramid are facilities that are closer to communities but as you go up the pyramid, there is a greater distance from communities. from bottom to top, it goes like this: primary health care facilities, secondary health care facilities, and tertiary health care facilities

health post and dispensary level. diabetes services are not provided

health center and district hospital

regional hospitals and referral and specialized hospitals. diabetes services are provided

Yes

The WHO Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease Interventions. It includes cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, cancer early diagnosis, healthy lifestyle counseling, self care, palliative care,

health workforce. a well-performing health workforce is one that works in ways that are responsive, fair and efficient to achieve the best health outcomes possible, given available resources and circumstances

health information systems. these are systems that support the production, analysis, dissemination and use of reliable and timely information on health determinants, health systems performance and health status. it can be paper based or system based.

access to essential medicines. a well-functioning health system ensures equitable access to essential medical products, vaccines and technologies of assured quality, safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness, and their scientifically sound and cost-effective use.

financing. a good health financing system raises adequate funds for health, in ways that ensure people can use needed services, and are protected from financial catastrophe or impoverishment associated with having to pay for them. It provides incentives for providers and users to be efficient.

1) government funding (taxation) 2) social health (contributory) insurance
3) out-of-pocket payments
4) private insurance
5) donations or voluntary aid

this describes countries in LMIC settings where they have both high infection rates and high non-communicable diseases rates.

1) disease
2) demography
3) donor exit
4) domestic resource mobilization

catastrophic health expenditure is when people spend more than 10% of their household income on health care

primary health care. it was formed in Alma-Ata

universal health care

with UHC, all individuals and communities recieve the health services they need without suffering financial hardships, while with primary health care, all people simply deserve the right care in their community. so essentially, universal health care include a more cost-efficient approach. PHC is the foundation of UHC

leadership/governance. leadership and governance involves ensuring strategic policy frameworks exist and are combined with effective oversight, coalition building, regulation, attention to system-design and accountability.

there are two types of entities that runs health systems: governments (public sectors) and NGOs which are either for profit (private sector) or not for profit (foundations, charities, religious entities)

health systems should achieve greater access to and coverage for effective health interventions, without compromising efforts to ensure provider quality and safety.

health systems goals are to improve health and health equity, in ways that are responsive, financially fair, and make the best, or most efficient, use of available resources

community health workers, village health workers, trained traditional birth attendants, accredited social health workers, lady health

community health workers

village health workers

trained traditional birth attendants

accredited social health workers

lady health workers