question
What matters are federal courts permitted to hear?
answer
Only those matters involving a "case or controversy."
question
What are the three requirements in order for the matter to involve a "case or controversy?"
answer
1) No advisory opinion; 2) cannot be moot, and must be ripe; and 3) standing.
question
What are the two types of claims federal courts generally consider to be an advisory opinion?
answer
1) Lacks disputes between parties; or 2) no legally binding effect on the parties.
question
What is the general rule re "ripeness" and pre-enforcement review of laws.
answer
A federal court will generally not permit pre-enforcement review of a law, unless: 1) the issues are fit for judicial decision; and 2) P would suffer substantial hardship in the absence of review.
question
What is the general rule re "mootness?"
answer
Federal courts will generally not hear a claim not involving a live controversy and ongoing injury.
question
What are the three exceptions to the mootness requirement?
answer
1) Where the injury is capable of repetition, but evades review; 2) D voluntarily stops harm, but could resume; and 3) class actions w/ one live claim.
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