unit 3/4 hhd 2021 ultimate

relates to the state of a person's physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence and is characterized by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged

develop to full potential, enhance capabilities

freedom from illness, disease and injury and ability to complete physical tasks

ability to manage and adapt to different social situations and a supportive network of friends

recognize and understand range of emotions and displaying resilience

low levels of stress and anxiety and optimism

sense of belonging and acting according to values and beliefs

a physical or mental disturbance which involves symptoms, dysfunctions or tissue damage

a persons experience of a disease

how they effect each other

reduced health care costs and increases concentration on studying/working

greater worker productivity and fewer social security costs

increased levels of peace and security and increased trade productivity

peace, shelter, equity, education, food, income, social justice, sustainable resources, stable ecosystem

reduced injury and death from conflict, can go about daily activities

protection from weather, adequate sleep/energy levels

provides disadvantaged groups with essential resources

empowers individuals to find meaning and purpose in life, increases ability to earn income

provides energy for daily activities, stronger immune system

able to afford food and healthcare

all people have same access to resources that promote health and wellbeing

sustainable food/water supply provides energy and immune function

provides food by providing plants and animals, provides clean source of water and air

self assessed health status, life expectancy, health adjusted life expectancy, burden of disease, disability adjusted life years, mortality (including maternal, infant, under 5), morbidity, incidence, prevalence

an individual or populations overall level of health and wellbeing

the number of years on average a person is expected to live at a particular age, if death rates do not change

the number of years on average a person is expected to live in full health based on current ill health and mortality rates

a measure of the impact of diseases and injuries particularly the gap between current health status and the ideal for that population

measure of burden of disease 1 DALY = 1 healthy year of life lost due to premature death or time lived with illness or injury

years of life lost from premature death

years of healthy life lost due to disability

proportion of a population who die in a one year period

death of a mother during pregnancy or within six weeks as a result of the pregnancy

rate of maternal mortality per 100 000 live births

death that occurs between the persons birth and first birthday

rate of infant mortality usually per 1000 live births

rate of deaths between birth and fifth birthday per 1000 live births

ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group

number of new cases of a condition during a period of time usually per 100 000 people per year

total number or proportion of cases of a condition in a population at a given time

genetics, hormones, body weight

cultural influences, socioeconomic status, access to health care

infrastructure, geographical location, work environment

risk taking behavior

lower self assessed health status, higher under 5 mortality
why?
early life experiences, poor access to healthcare, low birth weight babies

lower life expectancy, higher rates of cardio vascular disease
why?
risk taking behaviors, dangerous labor based professions, fat stored around abdomen

higher rates of disability, lower life expectancy
why?
higher rates of obesity, dangerous occupations, poor quality housing

lower life expectancy, higher rates of CVD
why?
higher rates of obesity, higher unemployment rates, lack of infrastructure/poor road quality

smoking, alcohol, high BMI, dietary risks

increases risk of low birth weight babies (infant mortality), damages immune system and increases risk of infectious diseases (incidence)

contains kilojoules which contribute to weight gain Incidence of CVD), increases incidence of liver conditions and premature death (decreases life expectancy)

places strain on heart increasing risk of heart attack and stroke (mortality and morbidity), increases risk of cancer (burden of disease and life expectancy)

lack of fibre and vitamins that increase immune function and reduce risk of CVD and cancer (incidence, morbidity)

lack of calcium increases risk of osteoporosis (incidence)

increases risk of anemia (incidence, burden of disease)

increases blood pressure and risk of CVD (incidence)

contribute to weight gain and increased risk of CVD (incidence, life expectancy)

public health actions from 1900-1950 which focused on the physical environment in order to address infectious diseases and how they spread

a medical model of care practiced by doctors which focuses on the physical or biological aspects of illness and disease associated with diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease

a model of health implemented from 1975 to the present which address the broader factors that influence health and wellbeing, developed in response to many lifestyle diseases increasing and some population groups not experiencing the same improvements as the rest of the population

quarantine laws, food quality legislation, vaccinations

expensive as focuses on treatment rather than prevention, responsible for medical technology advancements

intersectoral collaboration, address all determinants, empower individuals and communities, accessibility to healthcare, reduce social inequities

inexpensive preventing conditions rather than treating, doesn't promote advancement of medical technology, not all conditions can be prevented

advantages and limitations of both so a focus on both models must be maintained for maximum benefits to health and wellbeing

enabling people to take over and to improve their health

mediate (between different social groups with different health priorities), enable (provide people with knowledge and skills to take control of their health) and advocate (speak on behalf of groups that don't have same opportunities to ensure their health outcomes are considered)

build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, reorient health services

lower price of fresh food, installing cycling paths

towards health promotion rather than treatment of disease

2% of taxable income from all tax payers except those on low incomes

additional tax of 1-1.5% for high income earners who do not heave private health insurance

additional funds for Medicare are sourced from general taxation

extra financial assistance for those that incur significant out of pocket costs for medicare services in a 12 month period

subsidises more than 5000 medications which are decided on, tested and reviewed by a board, also includes a safety net

$41.30 ($6.60 for concession card holders)

percentages of premiums paid back by the government depending on income level

people who take up private insurance after the age of 31 pay an extra 2% on their premiums for every year they are over the age of 30

have a permanent condition which reduces ability to perform tasks without assistance from others or technology, condition also affects social participation and the person is likely to need NDIS support for life

individualized plan which enables them to access mainstream services and supports, access community services and supports, maintain informal support arrangements and receive monetary assistance

sustainability, access, funding, equity

promotes health by providing infrastructure and medical technology, subsidising medical care through medicare and PBS, supporting medically disadvantaged through NDIS payments

ensuring the health system can continue indefinitely through regulating funding (individualised NDIS plans and incentivising private health to save resources), promoting disease prevention through immunisation and screening clinics

ensuring all groups can access health care by implementing health services that travel to remote locations (royal flying doctors) and creating fee free treatment (bulk billing) for low SES people

ensuring disadvantaged groups are focused and receive more support such as personalized NDIS plans and the medicare and PBS safety nets

contributes to more mortality and morbidity than any other preventable risk factor, kills an estimated 15 000 Australians each year

smoking rates declining from 44% and 33% for males and females in 1976 to 12.2% and 9.9% for males and females in 2019

building healthy public policy - anti smoking laws, reorient health services - quit investing into smoking prevention research rather than treatment

move it mob style is a dance based fitness television program developed by a collaboration of aboriginal not for profit media companies called the deadly vibe group and funded by the australian government, it provides 30 minute episodes that showcase dance workouts to indigenous hip hip and popular music, it is lead by young people in the community and focuses on getting viewers up and moving to stay healthy, viewers add to their 'movement vocabulary' with every episode such as 'fishing for barra' and 'reach for the stars' and supporting class activity worksheets are available on the move it mob style website, the program has been very successful and it is now in its 4th season

it has the capacity to provide actual physical health improvements, it is culturally appropriate for indigenous australians, it adresses a significant health issue for indigenous australians being obesity

aim to prevent diet related diseases through nutritional and physical activity guidelines which include serving sizes and advice based on age, body mass, gender and activity levels, provisions have been made for cultural differences and personal preferences such as vegetarianism

to achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs

enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the five food groups everyday

limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol

encourage, support and promote breastfeeding

care for your food by preparing and storing it safely

time constraints, nutritional knowledge, food security, personal preference

healthy eating advisory service (phone support), development of food selection models (healthy eating pyramid)

living on less than USD $1.90 per day

living on less than 50% of countries GNI

average income like GDP but adjusted to take into account income from foreign citizens or citizens working other countries therefore more accurate

50 litres

high economic development, range of industries, trade on global market, high average income

low economic development, reliant on primary production and subsistence farming

GNI per capita > $12 056

GNI per capita $3896-$12055

GNI per capita $996-$3895

GNI per capita < $995

lower levels of poverty, wide range of industries, opportunities for global trade, high average incomes

high levels of gender equality, high levels of education, low birth rates

access to safe water and sanitation, high levels of carbon dioxide emissions, food security, adequate housing and infrastructure

sanitation, poverty, access to safe water, global marketing and distribution of tobacco, inequality and discrimination

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

efficient use of resources to allow for economic growth over time and to ensure the capacity of future generations to earn an income

ensuring all people can earn a decent income, increasing the capacity of governments to provide services and infrastructure, ensuring children can stay in school

creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and upholds all peoples human rights indefinitely

peace and security, gender equality, access to safe and decent working conditions, promotion of legal rights

ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future

biodiversity, use of natural resources, climate change, waste removal and pollution

indicator of level of development for a country, constructed by united nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy

shows more than just average income, takes education opportunities into account, shows progress over time, raises awareness for importance of human development

does not include social equity and level of access to resources, complex concept, shows averages not inequalities within countries, does not take citizens feelings into account

low <0.6, medium 0.6-0.7, high 0.7-0.8, very high 0.8-1

millennium development goals ending in 2015, new global challenges (conflict, migration, extremism)

end extreme poverty, fight inequality and injustice, address climate change

good health and wellbeing

maternal and child health and wellbeing, communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases

reduce maternal, infant and under 5 mortality rates through greater access to healthcare and education around motherhood (breastfeeding)

end epidemics of communicable diseases such as aids, tuberculosis, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, hepatitis and water borne diseases through investment in health care and water and sanitation infrastructure

reduce incidence on non-communicable diseases which occur as a result of lifestyle factors through building healthy public policy and investing in health education

no poverty

zero hunger

quality education for all

gender equality

clean water and sanitation

climate action

works with governments, member states and other agencies to provide leadership and create partnerships that promote health and wellbeing, conduct research and provide health and wellbeing information, set norms and standards and promote and monitor their implementation, develop policies to help countries take action to promote health and wellbeing, provide technical support and help build sustainable health systems, monitor health and wellbeing and assess health and wellbeing trends

universal health coverage, addressing and protecting from health emergencies, promoting healthier populations

through WHO's work: advocacy, country support, health workforce, access to medicines and vaccines

through building capacity to keep world safe from epidemics and health emergencies and ensuring all people have quick access to essential health services during health emergencies

through preventing non-communicable diseases, tackling antimicrobial resistance, addressing health effects of climate change

short term immediate assistance given to countries in distress from conflict or natural disaster through provision of food and supplies

aid provided by the australian government to another government in the form of funding for community and infrastructure projects (immunisations, schools)

aid provided through an international organisation such as the UN or WHO to provide emergency relief as well as address global issues such as climate change and communicable diseases

funding non government organisations to provide aid, benefits include access to areas unreachable by the government, greater knowledge of needs and also stronger connections with target communities

promoting national interests by contributing to sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction, provision of official developmental assistance (0.22% of GNI), focused on indo-pacific region

private sector, NGOs, multilateral organisations, bilateral organisations

increasing opportunities for girls to learn, teacher training, health workforce training

ending violence against women, promoting women's economic empowerment

anti corruption initiatives, supports develop of tax policies and improved government budgets

humanitarian assistance, disaster risk reduction, social protection

building water and sanitation facilities and schools, promoting trade agreements

strengthening markets, improving productivity and sustainability

ownership by recipient country, results focused, partnership and collaboration, transparency and accountability