question
function of peptidoglycan
answer
protects against osmotic pressures
gives rigid support
gives rigid support
question
components of peptidoglycan
answer
sugar backbone with peptide side chains (linked by transpeptidase)
question
what links peptidoglycan
answer
transpeptidase
question
function of cell wall
answer
major surface antigen
question
what gives the cell wall support
answer
peptidoglycan
question
what does lipoteichoic acid do
answer
induces TNF and IL-1
question
what in the cell wall of gram positive bacteria stimulates TNF and IL-1
answer
lipoteichoic acid
question
function of outer membrane (of gram negative bacteria)
answer
site of endotoxin
major surface antigen
major surface antigen
question
in gram negative bacteria the outer membrane contains what endotoxin
answer
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
question
what does lipid A (LPS) stimulate
answer
TNF and IL-1
question
what is the specific antigen on the outer membrane gram negative bacteria
answer
O polysaccharide
question
what ribosomes do bacteria have
answer
50S & 30S
question
what is the space between the cytoplasmic membrane and outmembrane called in gram negative bacteria
answer
periplasm (site of beta lactamase)
question
what does the periplasm space contain that many antibiotics are destroyed by
answer
B lactamases
question
function of pilus or fimbrae
answer
-cell adhesion
-conjugation
-conjugation
question
components of pilus or fimbrae
answer
glycoprotein
question
function of flagellum
answer
motility
question
components of flagellum (big picture)
answer
protein
question
what are spores resistant to
answer
dehydration
heat
chemicals
heat
chemicals
question
what are spores made of
answer
keratin-like coat
dipicolinic acid
peptidoglycan
dipicolinic acid
peptidoglycan
question
what do plasmids contain (genes)
answer
genes for antibiotic resistance, enzymes, and toxins
question
components of plasmids
answer
DNA
question
function of capsule
answer
protects against phagocytosis
question
capsule of bacteria is primarily made of what
answer
discrete polysaccharide layer that is organized
question
what organism's capsule contains D-glutamate instead of polysaccharide
answer
Bacillus anthracis
question
what is the importance of a glycocalyx
answer
mediates adherence to surfaces especially foreign surfaces (like indwelling catheters)
question
components of glycocalyx
answer
loose network of polysaccharides
question
what is unique to the cell wall of gram positive organisms
answer
lipoteichoic acid
question
structure of gram positive organisms
answer
peptidoglycan layer
cytoplasmic membrane layer
cytoplasmic membrane layer
question
what is unique to the cell wall of gram negative organisms
answer
porins (in the outer membrane)
LPS/endotoxin (in the outer membrane)
periplasmic space (B-lactamases location)
LPS/endotoxin (in the outer membrane)
periplasmic space (B-lactamases location)
question
structure of gram negative organisms
answer
outer membrane (endotoxin & porins)
periplasmic space (B-lactamases)
cytoplasmic membrane
periplasmic space (B-lactamases)
cytoplasmic membrane
question
what are the gram positive cocci bugs
answer
staphylococcus
streptococcus
streptococcus
question
what are the gram negative cocci bugs
answer
moraxella catarrhalis
neisseria
neisseria
question
what are the gram positive bacilli bugs
answer
BCCGLLMP
Bacillus
Clostridium
Corynebacterium
Gardnerella
Lactobacillus
Listeria
Mycobacterium (acid fast)
Propionibacterium
Bacillus
Clostridium
Corynebacterium
Gardnerella
Lactobacillus
Listeria
Mycobacterium (acid fast)
Propionibacterium
question
what are the gram negative bacilli enteric bugs
answer
HECK V BEPPSSSY
Helicobacter
Enterobacter
Campylobacter
Klebsiella
Vibrio
Bacteroides
E. coli
Proteus
Pseudomonas
Salmonella
Serratia
Shigella
Yersinia
Helicobacter
Enterobacter
Campylobacter
Klebsiella
Vibrio
Bacteroides
E. coli
Proteus
Pseudomonas
Salmonella
Serratia
Shigella
Yersinia
question
what are the gram negative bacilli respiratory bugs
answer
HBL
Haemophilus (pleomorphic)
Bordetella
Legionella (silver stain)
Haemophilus (pleomorphic)
Bordetella
Legionella (silver stain)
question
what are the gram negative bacilli zoonotic bugs
answer
(Bart and Fran Bru milk and Pasteurize it for their baby -ella)
Bartonella
Brucella
Francisella
Pasteurella
Bartonella
Brucella
Francisella
Pasteurella
question
what are the gram positive branching filamentous bugs
answer
actinomyces
nocardia (weakly acid fast)
nocardia (weakly acid fast)
question
what are the gram negative pleomorphic bugs
answer
chlamydiae (giemsa)
rickettsaie (giemsa)
rickettsaie (giemsa)
question
what are the gram negative spiral bugs
answer
spirochetes (you like BLT sandwhiches before you take "spy"rockets")
Borrelia (giemsa)
Leptospira
Treponema
Borrelia (giemsa)
Leptospira
Treponema
question
what bugs don't have cell walls
answer
(mucus and urea don't get covered)
mycoplasma
ureaplasma (contain sterols, which do not gram stain)
mycoplasma
ureaplasma (contain sterols, which do not gram stain)
question
which bugs don't gram stain well
answer
These Microbes May Lack Real Color
Treponema pallidum (too thin)
Mycobacteria (mycolic acids & high lipid content)
Mycoplasma (no cell wall)
Legionella pneumophila (primarily intracellular)
Rickettsia (intracellular)
Chlamydia (intracellular, lacks classic peptidoglycan b/c low muramic acid)
Treponema pallidum (too thin)
Mycobacteria (mycolic acids & high lipid content)
Mycoplasma (no cell wall)
Legionella pneumophila (primarily intracellular)
Rickettsia (intracellular)
Chlamydia (intracellular, lacks classic peptidoglycan b/c low muramic acid)
question
what stains for mycobacteria (what is the specifics stain and its other name)
answer
Ziehl-Neelson (aka carbol-fuchsin)
question
why is mycobacteria visible with carbol-fuschsin
answer
high lipid content (aka acid "fat" [fast] stain)
question
what stain is for legionella
answer
silver stain
question
how do you test for treponema
answer
dark field microscopy and fluorescent antibody staining
question
what bugs are detected with the Giemsa stain
answer
Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience
Chlamydia
Borrelia
Rickettsia
Trypanosomes
Plasmodium
Chlamydia
Borrelia
Rickettsia
Trypanosomes
Plasmodium
question
PAS
answer
periodic acid-schiff
question
what does PAS stain
answer
glycogen, mucopolysaccharides
question
what is PAS used to test for
answer
Whipple disease (Tropheryma whipplei)
question
how can you remember what PAS does
answer
PASs the sugar
question
what does ziel-neelson (carbol fuschin) stain for
answer
acid fast bacteria (nocardia, mycobacteria)
and
protozoa (cryptosporidium oocytes)
and
protozoa (cryptosporidium oocytes)
question
how do you remember what ziel-neelson stain does
answer
you are Zealous with Fusion b/c its Fast
question
what is an alternative to the ziel-neelson (carbol fuschin) stain
answer
auramine-rhodamine stain for screening (inexpensive, more sensitive but less specific)
question
what does india ink stain for
answer
cryptococcus neoformans
question
in addition to india ink, what else can stain for cryptococcus neoformans
answer
mucicarmine (stain for thick polysaccharide capsule red): the car hits the crypt
question
what does the silver stain used for
answer
fungi (pneumocystis)
legionella
helicobacter pylori
Fun guys who wear silver and are legions, like to take helicopters
legionella
helicobacter pylori
Fun guys who wear silver and are legions, like to take helicopters
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