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Bacteriostatic
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inhibits bacterial growth
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Sterilize
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Destroys all microbial life
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Disinfect
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Reduce pathogens on surfaces
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Bacteriocidal
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Treatment that kills
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germicidal
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Damages genetic material
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Antiseptic
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Kills microbes or inhibits their growth in skin
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Inceineration
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Used to get rid of burnable waste
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Pasteurization
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Limits growth does not sterilize
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Thermal death time
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The time required to kill a population of targeted micro organisms in a water-based solution at a given temperature
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Auto clave
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Strong heated container used to sterilize equipment, moist heat sterilization
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Ultraviolet radiation
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Germical lamps that are used in hospitals, kills only services and wavelengths that can be harmful to humans
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Ionizing radiation
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Uses radiation to prevent spoilage in foods and sterilize plastic lab and medical equipment and pharmaceutical products. DNA of micro organisms is damaged
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Selective toxicity
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The ability of an antimicrobial drug to harm the target microbe without harming the host
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Chemotherapeutic agent
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Chemicals, incl.antibiotics, used to treat disease
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Antibiotic
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Any substance that inhibits the growth and replication of bacterium or kills it out right
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Synthetic drug
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Antimicrobial drugs synthesized by chemical procedure in the laboratory
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Narrow spectrum drug
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Affective against only a limited range of organisms
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Broad-spectrum drug
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Treat a variety of infectious diseases
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Therapeutic index
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The ratio of the highest exposure to the drug that results and no toxicity to the exposure that produces the desired efficacy
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Minimum inhibitory concentration
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The lowest concentration of an anticromial that will inhibit the visible growth of micro organisms after overnight incubation
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Dry heat sterilization
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Hot air oven: dehydrate cells so it takes longer to work no pressure in lower temperatures
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Drying
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Removal of water: sun-dried fruit, eggs, and fish
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Refrigeration
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Preserves foods because it stops the growth of most species of microbes
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Freezing
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Kills most bacteria, but survivors can remain alive for long periods in the frozen state
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Membrane filtration
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Used to sterilize materials were heat can't be used; fluids force through filter by negative pressure
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Halophilic bacteria
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Salt solution
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Sacrophilic
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Sugar solution
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Change surface tension
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Nutrients must be able to accumulate and surface and waste must be able to leave
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Soaps and detergents
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Change surface tension
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Phenol
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Ear and nose drops, throat lozenges, and mouthwashes
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Acids and bases
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Boric acid, soaps
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Heavy metals
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Silver nitrate
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Alcohols
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Ethyl, isopropyl
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Halogens
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Chlorine, iodine
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Oxidizing agents
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Water breaks down into oxygen to kill bacteria
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Damage to cell wall
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May be broken down or may not be synthesized - penicillin
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Change cell membrane permeability
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May not be able to move things in or out - phenol, soaps
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Changes protoplasm
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Dentures/coagulates proteins - alcohol at high temperatures
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Stop enzyme activity
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Chlorine (pool shock)
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Temperature
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Environmental factor most often used to preserve food. refrigeration is low enough to stop the growth of most microbes
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PH
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Acidity prevents the growth of most microbes especially in an anaerobic environment
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Drying 2
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2 drying insulting do not sterilize for preserve food by making it unable to support microbial growth for lack of water, and essential nutrients
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calcium propionate
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Antifungal agent added to Bread
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Sorbic acid
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Preservatives in food and drinks to prevent the growth of mold, Yeast, and fungi
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Sulfur dioxide
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A preservative for dried apricots and other dried fruits, preventing rotting, important compound and winemaking
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sodium benzoate
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in acidic foods such as salad dressings, carbonated drinks, jams and fruit juices, pickles and condiments
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Sodium nitrate and or nitrate
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Antibacterial agent that prevents germination of clostridium botulism spores when added to bacon ham hotdogs
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Paul Ehrlich
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Use of native plants - herbal/holistic medicine. Studied arsenic compounds. Discovered Salvarsan a.k.a. the compound number 606. Cured syphilis
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Alexander Fleming
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Discovered penicillin
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Synthetic drug
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Man-made; triple sulfa
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Chemotherapeutic agent
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Any chemical used to treat infectious disease by killing or inhibiting pathogens
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Antibiotics
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Derived from a living organism; less than 1% are useful in inhibiting growth
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Fungal
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Penicillin
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Bacterial
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Streptomycin, tetracycline, erythromycin
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Broad-spectrum
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Works on gram-positive and gram-negative
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Narrow spectrum
answer
Drugs that target either gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria
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Penicillin
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Syphilis, staphylococcus infection
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Amoxicillin
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Tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia
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Streptomycin
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Cured tuberculosis
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Tetracycline
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Cures acne and Rosacea
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Erythromycin
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Used if allergic to penicillin
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Doxycycline
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Acne, urinary track infections, intestinal infection
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Good chemotherapeutic agents must
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Kill or inhibit growth of a pathogen, cause no damage to host, cause no allergenic reaction, be stable so it can be stored, kill pathogens before they mutated become resistant to it, be administrated easy
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Some destroyed by...
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HCl in the stomach
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Some Can't be absorbed...
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Through intestines
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S'more go through that...
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Mucous membrane
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Toxicity
answer
How poisonous is a drug to the pathogens and humans
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Works on bacteria
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Not toxic to humans
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Work on fungi or Protozoans
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More toxic to humans
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Inhibits a while production
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Works best on dividing cells
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Inhibits production of cell membrane
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More toxic to humans
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Inhibit protein synthesis
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Needed for growth
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PABA Leads to
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Folic acid
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Inherit resistance
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Antibiotic can't penetrate organism
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Organism lacks structure...
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The antibiotic works on
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Organism can change antibiotic - penicillinase -...
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And I made by bacteria that inactivate penicillin
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Acquired resistance
answer
resistance that develops through mutation or acquisition of new genes
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Mutation
answer
Change in genetic material
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Conjunction
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Transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another to the plasmid that contains code responsible for antibiotic resistance
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Effect on normal flora in the body
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Become suspectible to other infections
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Medical
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OTC in some countries
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Non-medical
answer
Animals never oevelope natural immune system's
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