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Concepts of health and what determines health have changed significantly since the _s
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1970s
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Health
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The extent to which an individual or group is able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs and to change or cope with the environment
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Health
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Health is seen as a resource for everyday living, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources as well as physical capacities
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Focusing on treatment of disease was strongly supported after...
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World War II (when scientific and technological advantages occurred)
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Definition of health in the 21st century
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Positive, comprehensive, attentive to the mental health dimension, and inclusive of quality of life and spirituality
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Illness
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A subjective experience of loss of health. Illness and health is on a continuum. Everyone's illness is different from another e.g., mental health, you think they have an illness but they feel fine
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Disease
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An objective state of ill health. Can be detected by medical science
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Health and illness overlapping
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Feeling "so-so." Not much is needed to tip one into wellness or illness
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Health and disease overlapping
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Being reported with a pathological disease but still feeling well or healthy
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Illness and disease overlapping
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Disease objectively proves the subjective feeling of illness as legit
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Health, illness, and disease overlapping
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Feeling "so-so." Being diagnosed with a pathology, and becoming sick
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Health as stability
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Maintenance of physiological, function, and social norms. Homeostasis. Health is a state, a process, and adaptation
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Health as actualization
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Actualization of human potential. Scholars and researchers who use this definition use health and wellness interchangeably
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Condition more likely to develop in adults that smoke tobacco
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Coronary heart disease
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Health as actualization and stability
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Actualization AND stability concepts are both put in the definition of health together. Health is about goal-directed behavior and reaching potential along with maintaining harmony with social and physical environment.
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What percentage of Canadian adults were obese in 2004?
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23% (36% were overweight)
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Which physiological risk factor affects and individual's health status?
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Genetic predisposition
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Which health determinant was included at the population level by Health Canada
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Education. (Coping skills, genetic endowment, and personal health practices are at the individual level
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What percentage of Canadian households with lower incomes reported food insecurity in 2004?
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40%
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What definition of health promotion did Pender et al. give in 2006?
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"health promotion is directed toward increasing the level of well-being and self-actualization." It says 2015 in the book
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Most common disease that affects children from low income families
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Asthma. They can be exposed to airborne containments near highways, near highways and industrial areas
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Health as resource
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In the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Capacities to fulfill roles, meet demands, and engage in activities of everyday living. Can be used for individuals to improve
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Health as unity
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"Reflecting the whole person as process and is synonymous with self-transcendence (finding your purpose)"
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Which factors are related to socioenvironmental risk conditions according to Labonte (1993)
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Pollution, inequalities of income, and dangerous physical environments. NOT ASKING FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS, such as lack of social support and limited social networks
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Labonte (1993)
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Developed a multidimensional conceptualization of health. Includes: Feeling vitalized and full of energy, having satisfying social relationships, having a feeling of control over one's life and living conditions, being able to do things one enjoys, having a sense of purpose, and feeling connected to the community
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Physical and mental overlapping
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Ability to do things one enjoys
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Physical and social overlapping
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Enjoyment of good social relations
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Mental and social overlapping
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Feeling of control over life, and living conditions
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Medical approach
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Represents a stability orientation to health. Emphasizes that medical intervention restores health
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Behavioral approach
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Traditional medical approach to health care was inadequate, and that "further improvements in the environment, reductions in self-imposed risks, and a greater knowledge of human biology" were necessary to improve the health status of Canadians
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Socioenvironmental Approach
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Behavioral approach and illness prevention was challenged. Health is closely tied to social structures. Ex. Air pollution, poor water quality, and workplace hazards.
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Lalonde report
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Was the first to emphasize behavioral health. Shifted from medical health to behavioral health.ABOUTLIFESTYLE!
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The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
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Identified perquisites of health as peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice, and equity. Focus on health society rather than individuals. Focused on empowerment. Analyzes problems
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Epp Report (1986)
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Developed the report: Achieving Health for All: A Framework for Health Promotion. Identified three major challenges: reducing inequities, increasing prevention, and enhancing coping mechanisms
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The health challenge of enhancing people's ability to cope reflected an acknowledgement that the dominant diseases in Canada were _ _ that could not be cured
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Chronic conditions
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Strategies for Population Health
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Key determinants include: Income and social status, social support networks, education, employment and working conditions, physical environments, biology and genetic endowment, personal health practice and coping skills, healthy child development, and health services
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Jakarta Declaration (1997)
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Affirmed the Ottawa Charter prerequisites for health, and added four other prerequisites: Empowerment of woman, social security, respect for human rights, and social relations. Declared poverty to be the greatest threat to health
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Bangkok Charter (2005)
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Affirmed health as a human right and emphasized mental and spiritual well being as important elements. Identified critical factors influencing health, such as the increasing inequalities within and between countries, global environmental change, and urbanization. Empower communities with adequate supplies and achieving strong political action and sustained advocacy
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Toronto Charter
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Social and health policies increase social and economic inequalities and health disparities. Identified the following social determinants as particularly important for health: Indigenous status, early life, education, employment and working conditions, food security, gender, health care services, housing, income and its distribution, social safety net, social exclusion, and unemployment and employment security
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What does a framework to guide practice involve?
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Person, environment, nursing, health
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Read this
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Income and social status (most important since it affects the rest), social support networks, education and literacy, employment and working conditions, physical environments, biological and genetic endowment, individual health practices and coping skills, healthy child development, health services, gender, culture, and social environments
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Determinants of health
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Health promotion and disease prevention (primary, secondary, tertiary)
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Strategies to influence health determinants
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Identifies prerequisites of health
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Importance of Ottawa Charter
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Build a healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, and reorient health services
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Health promotion strategies
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The Ottawa Charter
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...
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Psychosocial risk factors and socioenvironmental risk factors
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The "Watershed Report" that marked the shift from a lifestyle to a socioenvironmental approach to health
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3. Because health promotion is not just about promoting healthy lives, but also public policies, and does involve politics as well as social and economic development
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From a socioenvironmental perspective, what are the major determinants of health?
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2
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Which does not accurately describe health promotion. 1. Health promotion addresses health issues within the context of the social, economic, and political development. 2. Health promotion emphasizes empowerment. 3. Health promotion strategies focus primarily on helping people develop healthy behaviors. 4. Health promotion is political.
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Income and social status
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At what are the health promotion activities aimed? 1. Providing protection against disease. 2. Increasing the level of well-being. 3. Avoiding injury or illness. 4. Teaching clients to learn to live with their limitations.
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Most influential health determinant
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