TOPIC: How is the reintroduction of privatization impacting public policy decision making and the targeted social outcomes? For example, imagine a state determines that access to high-speed internet for every home is essential for long-term public health, yet in areas of the state, the market has determined that it is not profitable to provide the service. Should the state form a partnership with a private sector business (i.e., subsidize) to ensure that their social goal is obtained?
ROUGH DRAFT AND RUBRIC ATTACHED
1
4
Project Milestone Three: Rough Draft
Destiny Nance
Southern New Hampshire University
PAD 630
January 8th, 2023
Introduction Public Administration In practice
The reappearance of privatization is affecting public policy and the consequences that were originally intended to benefit the general population. As defined by the Heritage Foundation, privatization “refers to efforts to reduce government involvement in either the design or conduct of a particular service” (Denhardt et al., 2018). When a service or asset is privatized, “we, the public,” say the authors of “Privacy & Tools: Challenging Privatization” (2012), “lose the opportunity to have a voice in decisions impacting that service or asset.” In theory, privatization sounds good, however The Partnership for Working Families “has documented countless examples that indicate that the stated benefits of privatization are largely misconceptions.” (2012, “Privacy & Tools: Challenging Privatization”).
Professionalism and political dualism were two of Woodrow Wilson’s core beliefs; he is often regarded as the “founder of public administration” (Public Administration (Woodrow Wilson), 2021). After enrolling at Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson took a course in public administration, eventually publishing the widely read The Study of Administration. This article is considered seminal because it laid out the fundamentals of public administration and provided a road map for its implementation.
Public versus private administration is an argument that has remained contested for decades. Back in the 1980s, there was a widespread uptake of operations by governments, especially in the developed world’s such as Europe and America. Governments were deeply involved in establishing roads, bridges, and waterways. They were also involved in the service industry, such as health and installing hospital units. The services extended to the banking industry which the government played a major stakeholder. However, at the start of the 1990s, the shift changed so that privatization became the thing. The private industry’s expected efficiency and self-sufficiency were vital factors driving the practice. Consequently, privatization has greatly affected the public policies of various governments (Wang et al., 2018). One such area is formulating policies that make high-speed Internet an essential tool in achieving long-term public health. It is essential for the state governments to form partnerships with the private industry to successfully deliver high-speed internet services to the general public for a healthy state.
Civil Service Implementation
Government agencies and departments adopted civil service in an effort to boost output, efficiency, and achievement. Considering this to have been the initial intention of the civil service, it is clear that the civil service has had a major impact on federal government service. Since the purpose of government is to ensure smooth operations, these checks ensure that the public sector is implementing the necessary reforms to realize its goals. They serve as counselors to those in public service, giving them advice on how they might enhance their performance.
High-speed internet services are quite a competitive business. It thus requires a capitalist-driven mind to keep one’s business as a going concern. The need to make such a service available to all may be futile for any private business. However, incorporating the government brings some advantages that may make the process more efficient (Mendez et al, 2021). This includes applying the civil system mode of hiring based on patronage rather than patronage. The presence of civil government as an oversight board brings some sense of accountability of the firm to the general public and thus calls for more transparency in the conduction of daily business.
Local Government Operations
Privatization’s prevalence is fast rising at national and local government levels. In the case of internet service delivery, the backbone of this essential service is being handed over to the private sector, with the local government leader taking less effect. The Domain Name System (DNS) and Internet Protocol (IP) address system have since been transferred from the governor’s leadership (Tarnoff, 2022). The effect is that instead of the local governments having the mandate to provide a government-subsidized backbone to one where the private market is the one to provide such a service. The local government is now taking less role in the limelight and focusing on and easing operations of the private firms to make the service affordable to the citizens. Thus, this phenomenon can be equated to managers being more prevalent and less of the mayor.
Impact of Iron Triangle
The combination of ingredients in the Iron Triangle is fascinating. It’s a mutually beneficial arrangement in which all three parties get something they want and contribute to the passage of policies. When lobbyists donate to a government body, it’s because they hope the legislature will approve legislation that benefits their cause (
The Bureaucracy: The Real Government, n.d.). The special interest groups lobby the legislature by testifying positively about the bureaucracy in order to have the bureaucracy pass regulations that promote their interests.
Like many other policies, the privatization of high-speed internet services is subject to influence by partisans of the iron triangle. While the federal government is looking to extend its influence across the different states, the policy is unlikely to take effect if certain groups’ needs are unmet. For instance, the service’s subsidization level should be sufficient to attract private investors, who are often the special interest groups with the capacity to conduct such enormous projects. Nevertheless, the extent to which the special groups can hold a federal or local government at stake is usually counteracted by the presence of bureaucratic institutions that can offer such services. In the case of privatization of high-speed Internet, the bureaucratic institutions maintain unique roles, including maintenance and enforcement of the laws (Brownstein, 2020). Thus, where there is more bureaucratic power, special interests are at a disadvantage.
Organizational Differences
Although privatization has many drawbacks in the perspective of the public for many reasons, it also offers many benefits. Nonetheless, privatization might help the government address many of the problems it currently faces, including the enormous deficit it is experiencing and a lack of efficiency and discipline. Providing they hire the right non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the government can save money by privatizing additional services and put that money to better use elsewhere.
The powers of a government limit the extent of administration of high-speed Internet by the government. In the case of federal government involvement, the legislative laws in place only allow this form of government to play an oversight role rather than conduct the day-to-day activities left to the state government. The difference in state laws brings out systematic differences in service delivery and affordability (Brownstein, 2020). On the other hand, privatization eliminates border limitations and can traverse many states. Such private companies include Brightspeed and Spectrum. It is thus beneficial to operate as a private firm.
Legal Differences
Privatization-inducing mandates can be put in place to guarantee that the NGO delivering the service or good is up to snuff with what the government requires, or that the NGO is being treated and compensated properly. Furthermore, whether a service is provided by the government or a non-governmental organization, there may already be various mandates in place that will impact whoever is providing the service. The Federal Aviation Administration, which is part of the Department of Transportation, is charged with ensuring the security and reliability of the country’s air travel system (Airport Privatization: Issues and Options for Congress, 2021).
Cultural Differences
Political appointments have the potential to harm both the public and private sectors. Something that has a bad effect on a private company’s culture is likely to have an adverse effect on the company’s bottom line. On the other hand, it might not have any effect on the culture at all than sparking some discussion among the staff. Evidence from the public sector showed that “after appointments were made in these agencies, enforcement actions saw a dramatic drop” (Political Appointments and Government Performance: What can be Done, 2017).
Branches of Government
The executive branch has some significant powers when it comes to enacting policies. Depending on how fit it considers the privatization of internet services, the policy can be passed and made into law or veto it altogether after congress has approved the process. On the other hand, the executive can also bypass congress through an executive order and make the policy formal even where there is congressional resistance (Laplane & Mazzucato, 2020). Even so, most of the time, decisions are reached in unison through affirmative action.
The executive branch is responsible for carrying out and enforcing legislation. As a result, it will be their responsibility to ensure that all legal requirements are met, both generally and with regard to the NGO, throughout the privatization of services. All laws and governmental budgets are crafted and managed by legislators. Therefore, it is possible that they would set the price tag for privatizing the service and decide how to tax the NGO’s revenues.
Legislative Branch
The legislative branch of the government comprises the house and the senate. It is the arm that formulas the policies of internet privatization and the extent to which the government will be involved in service delivery (Laplane & Mazzucato, 2020). In addition, congress makes a budget to go with the policy such that upon its approval by the executive arm, the implementation process begins immediately.
Judiciary Branch
From time to time, the interests of the executive and legislative arms of the government conflict. Privatizing internet services may mean that major stakeholders in the iron triangle lose a significant amount of investment, which may limit the executive from enacting the law. Such conflicts require the incorporation of the judiciary to evaluate the interests of both parties as per the law and reach an agreement that serves as the final decision (Laplane & Mazzucato, 2020). It is thus essential that the judiciary acts independently.
Zero-Based Budgeting
New policy implementation comes with a designated budget. When privatizing the Internet and making it available to everyone, the government must subsidize private companies costs. In zero-based budgeting, such funds must be demonstrated to impact achieving the goal of improved public health positively (Menifield, 2020). Thus, it makes the managers more accountable while also working with a flexible budget if they can prove its usefulness. However, this budgeting is tedious and requires in-depth analysis for each financial year. Such intensity limits its proper adoption.
While zero-based budgeting has the potential to be incredibly useful, it is also notoriously challenging to put into practice. This is beneficial since it “forces them to justify all operating expenses” (Cheng, 2021). They will have to consider the value of every dollar spent by asking themselves where it’s going and why. Starting a budget from scratch can be challenging and time-consuming. It might be less time- and labor-consuming to simply adjust an existing budget after analyzing it to discover which parts succeeded and which didn’t in the past.
Performance-Based Budgeting
By focusing on actual results rather than estimates, performance-based budgeting can be a very useful tool. Instead of deciding where every dollar goes, a performance-based budget is focused on what has to be accomplished. The budget will allocate a certain amount of money to each objective, which can be spent in any way that best serves the objective. Creating a larger buffer inside the budget allows for more flexible spending.
Performance-based budgeting works well in such a scenario where public healthcare is the measure of the efficacy of subsidizing high-speed Internet. If the subsidy can improve healthcare-seeking behavior, for instance, it is justified to allocate more funds (Menifield, 2020). While this mode encourages transparency, it can also attract conflicting priorities.
Emerging Budget Strategies
One method of constructing a budget that uses historical data is called activity-based budgeting. They start with the end in mind and work backward to determine the best course of action and the associated costs. In order to accurately estimate the budget’s needs and account for all costs, this method can be quite helpful; however, it requires careful attention to detail to guarantee that nothing is overlooked. If you don’t account for every department that’s essential for running things but might not have much of an effect on the end result, you might miss out on some funding (
Five types of budgets: Which one is right for you, 2021).
Impact of Social Media
Increasing access to high-speed Internet boosts not only public health access but also the number of social media users. Through such forums as Twitter, individuals are now able to air their views and agitate for change in government offices more (Hyland et al., 2021). The government operations are thus better and encourage more accountability.
For the state, social media has both positive and negative aspects. Compared to other methods, it can help the government get an urgent message out to a wide audience quickly. It can also reach people who may not be exposed to news on television or other similar media (Gramlich, 2020). Videos of meetings, campaigns, and so forth can also be uploaded there for the benefit of those who were unable to catch the original broadcast.
Impact of Other Media Types
Television news is a popular form of media. Many citizens rely on their local news channel as a source of government-issued information and updates. The problem with the public depending on the news for government updates is that many news outlets are biased. There are news outlets that present any and every information as if it were true (Gramlich, 2020).
Communication Strategies
The communication strategies of government leaders have been profoundly altered by the explosion of media outlets. They have to spend more time communicating because they have to use every available channel to maximize their impact. They have to make sure that their written notification is clear so that people get the message, and then they have to put it up in a lot of different locations.
References
Brownstein, M. R. (2020).
The Quality of Internet Access and Political Engagement (Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University Graduate School).
https://hammer.purdue.edu/articles/thesis/The_Quality_of_Internet_Access_and_Political_Engagement/12736079
Denhardt, R. B., Denhardt, J. V., & Blanc, T. A. (2018).
Public administration: An action orientation (7th ed.). Suzanna Jeans.
Andrew. (2021, July 9).
Public Administration (Woodrow Wilson). Zambianguardian.
Dubnick, M. (2018).
Demons, Spirits, and Elephants: Reflections on the Failure of Public Administration Theory. Scholars UNH.
Mayor-Council Government. Ballotpedia. (n.d.).
Independence Hall Association. (n.d.).
The Bureaucracy: The Real Government. ushistory.org.
Congressional Research Service. (2021, March 11).
Airport privatization: Issues and options for Congress.
Political appointments and government performance: What can be done? PA TIMES Online. (2017, January 31).
Cheng, M. (2021, June 27).
Zero-based budgeting: Benefits and Drawbacks. Investopedia.
Five types of budgets: Which one is right for you? insightsoftware. (2021, August 25).
Gramlich, J. (2020, August 18).
5 facts about Fox News. Pew Research Center.
Hyland-Wood, B., Gardner, J., Leask, J., & Ecker, U. K. (2021). Toward effective government communication strategies in the era of COVID-19.
Humanities and Social Sciences Communications,
8(1), 1-11.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-020-00701-w
Laplane, A., & Mazzucato, M. (2020). Socializing the risks and rewards of public investments: Economic, policy, and legal issues.
Research Policy,
49, 100008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.repolx.2020.100008
Menifield, C. E. (2020).
The basics of public budgeting and financial management: A handbook for academics and practitioners. Hamilton Books.
https://books.google.co.ke/books
?
Mendez, S., Molnar, G., & Savage, S. J. (2021). The Impacts of the Lifeline Subsidy on High-Speed Internet Access.
The Journal of Law and Economics,
64(4), 745-782.
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/714504
Tarnoff, B. (2022).
Internet for the People: The Fight for Our Digital Future. Verso Books.
https://books.google.co.ke/books?
Wang, H., Xiong, W., Wu, G., & Zhu, D. (2018). Public–private partnership in Public Administration discipline: a literature review.
Public management review,
20(2), 293-316.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2017.1313445
PAD 630 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric
Overview
Understanding the organizational, legal, and cultural differences between managing in the public sector versus the private sector is vital to organizational
success. Public managers face unique challenges (both ideological and practical), which is why an understanding of the dynamic interaction of theory and
practice is important. In addition, public managers need to understand the enduring issues and evolving tools required in public service.
For the final project, you will write a white paper focusing on an organizational, a legal, or a cultural challenge in the field of public administration. Early in the
course, you will select an issue that is of interest to you. Your chosen challenge will act as the lens through which you will examine the impacts of various
theories on the practice of public administration. You will also assess the role of the executive, judicial, and legislative branches in developing public policy, and
you will evaluate budgeting techniques and communication strategies for their effectiveness.
The project is divided into three milestones, which will be submitted at various points throughout the course to scaffold learning and ensure quality final
submissions. These milestones will be submitted in Modules Two, Five, and Eight. The final project will be submitted in Module Ten.
This assessment addresses the following course outcomes:
Contrast the views of early public administration theorists for determining their impact on the public administration profession
Assess the impact of professional management on the effectiveness of governmental operations at the federal, state, and local levels
Analyze essential organizational, cultural, and legal differences between public administration and private sector management for determining their
impact on governmental operations
Differentiate among the roles of the executive, judicial, and legislative branches in establishing and implementing public policy at the federal and state
governmental levels
Evaluate public budgeting techniques for their effect on governmental organizations and stakeholders
Assess real-world communication strategies employed by governmental institutions for their effectiveness in enhancing public outreach and developing
a sense of community
Prompt
Your final project should focus on an organizational, a legal, or a cultural challenge facing public administrators that is of interest to you. Using this challenge as
your lens, write a white paper discussing the impact different theories have had on the practice of public administration and examining the unique challenges
facing managers in the public sector. Remember that the focus of your paper is the public administration challenge that you selected.
You may select one of these challenges to public administration, or you may choose another, with instructor approval:
Discuss the emergence of the “governance without government” concept, which focuses on the importance of networks, nontraditional partnerships,
and the markets to guide society, rather than traditional bureaucratic institutions. This movement has taken hold in Europe and is gaining momentum in
the United States.
How is the new public administration movement impacting the “accountability versus efficiency” paradigm that has defined the profession since its
inception?
How is the reintroduction of privatization impacting public policy decision making and the targeted social outcomes? For example, imagine a state
determines that access to high-speed internet for every home is essential for long-term public health, yet in areas of the state, the market has
determined that it is not profitable to provide the service. Should the state form a partnership with a private sector business (i.e., subsidize) to ensure
that their social goal is obtained?
What are effective performance measures to evaluate programs and management in the public sector? Traditionally, the focus has been on measuring
inputs and activities. Is this focus still effective?
How can flexibility and creativity be integrated into the structures of public organizations in a way that allows for nimble, street-level decision making to
swiftly adapt to ever-changing environmental conditions while maintaining some level of accountability to the citizens?
Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed:
I. Introduction
Concisely describe your chosen organizational, legal, or cultural challenge in the field of public administration.
II. Theoretical Overview: Ensure that you focus specifically on the organizational, legal, or cultural challenge that you selected.
A. Public Administration Advocates: Describe the original advocates for the development of professional public management within the federal
government of the United States. In your description, consider questions such as these: What were their viewpoints? How did they advocate for
the development of public administration?
B. Impact on Public Administration: Differentiate between the views of Dwight Waldo and Herbert Simon. How did each impact the development
of the public administration profession?
C. Public Administration Dichotomy: Analyze the founding dichotomy of public administration as expressed by Dwight Waldo for its impact on
public administration practice.
III. Public Administration in Practice
A. Governmental Operations: Ensure that you focus specifically on the organizational, legal, or cultural challenge that you selected.
1. Civil Service Implementation: Assess the impact that the implementation of civil service had on the effectiveness of public service in
the federal government.
2. Local Governmental Operations: Illustrate how public administration has manifested itself in local governmental operations. In other
words, what impact has professional management had on local governmental operations? For example, you could consider how
prevalent the mayor/manager form of government is.
3. Impact of Iron Triangle: Assess the impact of the “iron triangle” on public policy and program administration at the state and federal
levels of government. In other words, how does the bureaucracy counterbalance the direct relationship between special interests and
the legislature?
B. Differences Between Public Administration and Private Sector Management: Ensure that you focus specifically on the organizational, legal, or
cultural challenge that you selected.
1. Organizational Differences: Contrast the impact of political boundaries in governmental operations versus the private sector. For
example, you could consider how political boundaries impact program and operational efficiencies. Provide specific examples to
support your response.
2. Legal Differences: Analyze mandates, legal and nonlegal, related to the challenge you selected. How do they impact the operations of
state and local governments? How do these mandates apply to private sector firms? Provide specific examples to support your
response.
3. Cultural Differences: Illustrate the impacts politics can have on administrative appointments in the public and private sectors. In other
words, what is the impact of political appointments on the culture of governmental agencies and private businesses? Provide specific
examples to support your response.
C. Roles of the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Branches: Ensure that you focus specifically on the organizational, legal, or cultural challenge that
you selected.
1. Executive Branch: Outline the role of the executive branch of government in the development of public policy, specifically related to
the challenge you selected.
2. Legislative Branch: Outline the role of the legislative branch of government in the development of public policy, specifically related to
the challenge you selected.
3. Judicial Branch: What role does the court system play in arbitrating public policy disputes between the executive and legislative
branches of government? Focus specifically on how the judicial branch has impacted the challenge you selected.
D. Public Budgeting Techniques: Ensure that you focus specifically on the organizational, legal, or cultural challenge that you selected.
1. Zero-Based Budgeting: Assess the principle of zero-based budgeting for how it has impacted federal programs and their stakeholders.
What are the pros and cons of this methodology?
2. Performance-Based Budgeting: Assess how performance-based budgeting applies to private sector budgeting practices in a public
sector setting. What are the pros and cons of this methodology? Include the impact on public programs and their stakeholders in your
response.
3. Emerging Budget Strategies: Describe emerging budget strategies being utilized by public agencies to address the difficult fiscal
environment facing local governments. In other words, what contemporary public budgeting techniques are effective?
E. Governmental Communication Strategies: Ensure that you focus specifically on the organizational, legal, or cultural challenge that you selected.
1. Impact of Social Media: Assess the effectiveness of social media on governmental operations at the federal, state, or local
governmental level. Consider questions such as these: What impact has social media had in enhancing public outreach? How has social
media been used to develop a sense of community?
2. Impact of Other Media Types: Assess how various other media types can enhance public outreach and impact a citizen’s sense of
community.
3. Communication Strategies: How has the proliferation of information outlets impacted the communication strategies utilized by
government officials?
Milestones
Milestone One: Introduction and Theoretical Overview
In Module Two, you will submit a draft of the Introduction and Theoretical Overview sections of the final project (Sections I and II). This milestone will be
graded with the Milestone One Rubric.
Milestone Two: Public Administration in Practice
In Module Five, you will submit a paper that outlines the Public Administration in Practice section of the final project (Section III). You will also include a list of
potential bibliographic references that will be used for the final project. This milestone will be graded with the Milestone Two Rubric.
Milestone Three: Rough Draft
In Module Eight, you will submit a rough draft of your final project. This milestone will be graded with the Milestone Three Rubric.
Final Submission: White Paper
In Module Ten, you will submit your final project. It should be a complete, polished artifact containing all of the critical elements of the final product. It should
reflect the incorporation of feedback gained throughout the course. This submission will be graded with the Final Project Rubric.
Deliverables
Milestone Deliverable Module Due Grading
One Introduction and Theoretical Overview (Sections I and II) Two Graded separately; Milestone One Rubric
Two Public Administration in Practice (Section III) Five Graded separately; Milestone Two Rubric
Three Rough Draft Eight Graded separately; Milestone Three Rubric
Final Submission: White Paper Ten Graded separately; Final Project Rubric
Final Project Rubric
Guidelines for Submission: Your white paper should be 15–20 pages in length and should use double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, and one-inch
margins. You should use APA guidelines for your cover page, in-text citations, and reference list.
Critical Elements Exemplary (100%) Proficient (90%) Needs Improvement (70%) Not Evident (0%) Value
Introduction Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
description expertly balances
necessary detail with brevity
Concisely describes selected
organizational, legal, or cultural
challenge in public
administration
Describes selected
organizational, legal, or cultural
challenge in public
administration, but description is
wordy or vague
Does not describe selected
organizational, legal, or cultural
challenge in public
administration
4.1
Theoretical Overview:
Public Administration
Advocates
[PAD-630-01]
Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
description demonstrates
nuanced understanding of early
public administration theorists’
contrasting views
Describes original advocates for
development of professional
public management in federal
government of United States
Describes original advocates for
development of professional
public management in federal
government of United States, but
with gaps in clarity or detail
Does not describe original
advocates for development of
professional public management
in federal government of United
States, or description lacks focus
on selected challenge
5.1
Theoretical Overview:
Impact on Public
Administration
[PAD-630-01]
Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
response demonstrates keen
insight into relationship between
contrasting views of early public
administration theorists and
impact on public administration
profession
Differentiates between the views
of Dwight Waldo and Herbert
Simon for how they impacted the
development of the public
administration profession
Differentiates between the views
of Dwight Waldo and Herbert
Simon for how they impacted the
development of the public
administration profession, but
with gaps in accuracy or detail
Does not differentiate between
the views of Dwight Waldo and
Herbert Simon for how they
impacted the development of the
public administration profession,
or response lacks focus on
selected challenge
5.1
Theoretical Overview:
Public Administration
Dichotomy
[PAD-630-01]
Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
analysis demonstrates keen
insight into relationship between
contrasting views of early public
administration theorists and
impact on public administration
profession
Analyzes founding dichotomy of
public administration as
expressed by Dwight Waldo for
its impact on public
administrative practice
Analyzes founding dichotomy of
public administration as
expressed by Dwight Waldo for
its impact on public
administrative practice, but with
gaps in accuracy or detail
Does not analyze founding
dichotomy of public
administration as expressed by
Dwight Waldo for its impact on
public administrative practice, or
analysis lacks focus on selected
challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Civil Service
Implementation
[PAD-630-02]
Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
assessment demonstrates
nuanced understanding of
impact of professional
management on effectiveness of
governmental operations
Assesses the impact that the
implementation of civil service
had on the effectiveness of public
service in the federal
government
Assesses the impact that the
implementation of civil service
had on the effectiveness of
public service in the federal
government, but assessment is
cursory or inaccurate
Does not assess the impact that
the implementation of civil
service had on the effectiveness
of public service in the federal
government, or assessment lacks
focus on selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Local
Governmental
Operations
[PAD-630-02]
Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
response demonstrates nuanced
understanding of impact of
professional management on
effectiveness of governmental
operations
Illustrates how public
administration has manifested
itself in local governmental
operations
Illustrates how public
administration has manifested
itself in local governmental
operations, but with gaps in
clarity or detail
Does not illustrate how public
administration has manifested
itself in local governmental
operations, or response lacks
focus on selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Impact of
Iron Triangle
[PAD-630-02]
Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
assessment demonstrates
nuanced understanding of
impact of professional
management on effectiveness of
governmental operations
Assesses impact of iron triangle
on public policy and program
administration at state and
federal levels of government
Assesses impact of iron triangle
on public policy and program
administration at state and
federal levels of government, but
assessment is cursory or
inaccurate
Does not assess impact of iron
triangle on public policy and
program administration at state
and federal levels of government,
or response lacks focus on
selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice:
Organizational
Differences
[PAD-630-03]
Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
response demonstrates keen
insight into differences between
public and private sector
management
Contrasts impact of political
boundaries in governmental
operations versus the private
sector, supporting response with
specific examples
Contrasts impact of political
boundaries in governmental
operations versus the private
sector, but with gaps in accuracy,
detail, or support
Does not contrast impact of
political boundaries in
governmental operations versus
the private sector, or response
lacks focus on selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Legal
Differences
[PAD-630-03]
Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
response demonstrates keen
insight into differences between
public and private sector
management
Analyzes legal and nonlegal
mandates related to selected
challenges for how they impact
state and local government
operations and private sector
firms, supporting response with
specific examples
Analyzes legal and nonlegal
mandates related to selected
challenges for how they impact
state and local government
operations and private sector
firms, but with gaps in accuracy,
detail, or support
Does not analyze legal and
nonlegal mandates related to
selected challenges for how they
impact state and local
government operations and
private sector firms, or response
lacks focus on selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Cultural
Differences
[PAD-630-03]
Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
response demonstrates keen
insight into differences between
public and private sector
management
Illustrates impacts of politics on
administrative appointments in
public and private sectors,
supporting response with specific
examples
Illustrates impacts of politics on
administrative appointments in
public and private sectors, but
with gaps in clarity, detail, or
support
Does not illustrate impacts of
politics on administrative
appointments in public and
private sectors, or response lacks
focus on selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Executive
Branch
[PAD-630-04]
Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
response demonstrates nuanced
understanding of role of
executive branch in establishing
and implementing public policy
Outlines role of executive branch
of government in development
of public policy, specifically
related to selected challenge
Outlines role of executive branch
of government in development
of public policy, specifically
related to selected challenge, but
with gaps in accuracy or detail
Does not outline role of
executive branch of government
in development of public policy,
or response lacks focus on
selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Legislative
Branch
[PAD-630-04]
Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
response demonstrates nuanced
understanding of role of
legislative branch in establishing
and implementing public policy
Outlines role of legislative branch
of government in development
of public policy, specifically
related to selected challenge
Outlines role of legislative branch
of government in development
of public policy, specifically
related to selected challenge, but
with gaps in accuracy or detail
Does not outline role of
legislative branch of government
in development of public policy,
or response lacks focus on
selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Judicial
Branch
[PAD-630-04]
Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
response demonstrates nuanced
understanding of role of judicial
branch in establishing and
implementing public policy
Analyzes role of court system in
arbitrating public policy disputes
between executive and
legislative branches of
government, specifically related
to selected challenge
Analyzes role of court system in
arbitrating public policy disputes
between executive and
legislative branches of
government, specifically related
to selected challenge, but with
gaps in accuracy or detail
Does not analyze role of court
system in arbitrating public policy
disputes between executive and
legislative branches of
government, or response lacks
focus on selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Zero-Based
Budgeting
[PAD-630-05]
Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
assessment demonstrates keen
insight into relationship between
public budgeting techniques and
governmental organizations and
stakeholders
Assesses principle of zero-based
budgeting for how it has
impacted federal programs and
their stakeholders and addresses
pros and cons of methodology
Assesses principle of zero-based
budgeting for how it has
impacted federal programs and
their stakeholders and addresses
pros and cons of methodology,
but response is cursory or
inaccurate
Does not assess principle of zero-
based budgeting for how it has
impacted federal programs and
their stakeholders, or response
lacks focus on selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice:
Performance-Based
Budgeting
[PAD-630-05]
Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
assessment demonstrates keen
insight into relationship between
public budgeting techniques and
governmental organizations and
stakeholders
Assesses how performance-
based budgeting applies to
private sector budgeting
practices in public sector setting
and addresses pros and cons of
methodology and impact on
public programs and their
stakeholders
Assesses how performance-
based budgeting applies to
private sector budgeting
practices in public sector setting
and addresses pros and cons of
methodology and impact on
public programs and their
stakeholders, but response is
cursory or inaccurate
Does not assess how
performance-based budgeting
applies to private sector
budgeting practices in public
sector setting, or response lacks
focus on selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Emerging
Budget Strategies
[PAD-630-05]
Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
description demonstrates keen
insight into relationship between
public budgeting techniques and
governmental organizations and
stakeholders
Describes emerging budget
strategies being utilized by public
agencies to address the difficult
fiscal environment facing local
governments
Describes emerging budget
strategies being utilized by public
agencies to address the difficult
fiscal environment facing local
governments, but with gaps in
clarity or detail
Does not describe emerging
budget strategies being utilized
by public agencies to address the
difficult fiscal environment facing
local governments, or response
lacks focus on selected challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Impact of
Social Media
[PAD-630-06]
Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
response demonstrates keen
insight into relationship between
communication strategies, public
outreach, and sense of
community
Assesses the effectiveness of
social media on governmental
operations at federal, state, or
local governmental level
Assesses the effectiveness of
social media on governmental
operations at federal, state, or
local governmental level, but
assessment is cursory or
inaccurate
Does not assess the effectiveness
of social media on governmental
operations at federal, state, or
local governmental level, or
response lacks focus on selected
challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice: Impact of
Other Media Types
[PAD-630-06]
Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
response demonstrates keen
insight into relationship between
communication strategies, public
outreach, and sense of
community
Assesses how various other
media types can enhance public
outreach and impact a citizen’s
sense of community
Assesses how various other
media types can enhance public
outreach and impact a citizen’s
sense of community, but
assessment is cursory or
inaccurate
Does not assess how various
other media types can enhance
public outreach and impact a
citizen’s sense of community, or
response lacks focus on selected
challenge
5.1
Public Administration
in Practice:
Communication
Strategies
[PAD-630-06]
Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
response demonstrates nuanced
understanding of communication
strategies employed by
governmental institutions
Explains how proliferation of
information outlets has impacted
communication strategies
utilized by government officials
Explains how proliferation of
information outlets has impacted
communication strategies
utilized by government officials,
but with gaps in clarity or detail
Does not explain how
proliferation of information
outlets has impacted
communication strategies
utilized by government officials,
or response lacks focus on
selected challenge
5.1
Articulation of
Response
Submission is free of errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, and organization
and is presented in a professional
and easy to read format
Submission has no major errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, or organization
Submission has major errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, or organization
that negatively impact readability
and articulation of main ideas
Submission has critical errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, or organization
that prevent understanding of
ideas
4.1
Total 100%
- PAD 630 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric
Overview
Prompt
Milestones
Milestone One: Introduction and Theoretical Overview
Milestone Two: Public Administration in Practice
Milestone Three: Rough Draft
Final Submission: White Paper
Deliverables
Final Project Rubric