Assignment Content
- In class, we learned how to write the introduction and conclusion of the Literature Review section, which includes:
Introduction (6 sentences on p. 10a)
Review of Literature (using notes on p. 13a – ONE objective summary is graded already — apply feedback)
Analysis of Literature (compare and contrast activity on p. 16a)
For this submission: You will submit your full draft of the Literature Review in a WORD document.
YOU MUST CHECK YOUR SIMILARITY prior to submission here.
Grading:
Title Page = 10 pts
Literature Review: Intro, Review of Literature, and Analysis of Literature WITH in-text citations and correct level headings:
Introduction = 15 pts
Review of Literature = 40 pts
Analysis of Literature = 20 pts
References page with ALL four research articles listed = 15 pts
Welcome!
This is an exciting day!
You will be completing the literature review
section of your research paper!
Congratulations! You have what you need for
part 2 of the literature review!
Introduction Paragraph for the Literature Review
Review of Literature
Analysis of Literature
Now, let’s write Part 1!
Introduction Paragraph for the Literature Review
Review of Literature
Analysis of Literature
Part 1: Introduction paragraph
(this will be for workshop, so pay attention!)
Part 1: introduction paragraph
Method in 6 Steps…
STEP 1:
Opening
sentence: isolate
your research
problem, with
citation
SAMPLE
Part 1: introduction paragraph
STEP 1:
Opening
sentence: isolate
your research
problem, with
citation
Higher infant weight gain is a known
risk factor for obesity later on in life
(Azad et al., 2018).
SAMPLE
Part 1: introduction paragraph
STEP 2:
Explain why it is
necessary to
solve this
problem
SAMPLE
Part 1: introduction paragraph
STEP 2:
Explain why it is
necessary to
solve this
problem
With the obesity epidemic
continuously affecting the
population, examining the risk
factors of obesity is essential to
protecting public health.
SAMPLE
Part 1: introduction paragraph
STEP 3:
Ensure your reader
that you have only
included research
articles in the
literature review
and identify the
main theme
among them
SAMPLE
Part 1: introduction paragraph
STEP 3:
Ensure your reader
that you have only
included research
articles in the
literature review
and identify the
main theme
among them
The literature review included only
research articles and literature
regarding the factors that influence
high infant weight gain.
SAMPLE
Part 1: introduction paragraph
STEP 4:
If you notice
multiple factors,
you should list
them
SAMPLE
Part 1: introduction paragraph
STEP 4:
If you notice
multiple factors,
you should list
them
Factors such as maternal behaviors,
feeding methods, and mode of
feedings were reviewed.
SAMPLE
Part 1: introduction paragraph
STEP 5:
Include the
names of the
databases you
used to conduct
your research
from the Monroe
College Library
SAMPLE
Part 1: introduction paragraph
STEP 5:
Include the
names of the
databases you
used to conduct
your research
from the Monroe
College Library
The databases that were used to
conduct the literature review
included ProQuest and EBSCO Host
from the Monroe College Library.
SAMPLE
Part 1: introduction paragraph
STEP 6:
Lastly, list any
search
words/terms you
used in order to
find your
research articles
SAMPLE
Part 1: introduction paragraph
STEP 6:
Lastly, list any
search
words/terms you
used in order to
find your
research articles
Search terms were used to obtain
relevant literature, such as: infant
weight gain, infant overweight,
infant feeding, breastfeeding and
weight gain, and formula feeding
and weight gain.
SAMPLE
Part 1: introduction paragraph
Now put it together:
Higher infant weight gain is a known risk factor for obesity later on in life (Azad et al.,
2018). With the obesity epidemic continuously affecting the population, examining the risk
factors of obesity is essential to protecting public health. The literature review included only
research articles and literature regarding the factors that influence high infant weight gain.
Factors such as maternal behaviors, feeding methods, and mode of feedings were reviewed.
The databases that were used to conduct the literature review included ProQuest and EBSCO
Host from the Monroe College Library. Search terms were used to obtain relevant literature,
such as: infant weight gain, infant overweight, infant feeding, breastfeeding and weight gain,
and formula feeding and weight gain.
You have these DETAILED
instructions on that
on p. 9 of your Final ‘Mission’
Packet!
Ready, Set, GO! Use pp. 9-10
as a sample
Workshop your Introduction to the Literature review!
1. Flip to the activity on p. 10a of the Final ‘Mission’
Packet
2. fill it out
3. put the pieces together to draft YOUR
Introduction Paragraph for the Literature Review
(now! before going to the next slide!)
Congratulations! you are done with parts
1 AND 2 of the literature review!
Introduction Paragraph for the Literature Review
Review of Literature
Analysis of Literature
Now, let’s write Part 3!
Introduction Paragraph for the Literature Review
Review of Literature
Analysis of Literature
Please pull up your assignment on p. 16a of YOUR
Final ‘Mission’ Packet where you compared and
contrasted your articles (last week)
Please make that into an elegant paragraph, now. See
sample on p. 17
Congratulations! you are done with parts
1 AND 2 AND 3 of the literature review!
Introduction Paragraph for the Literature Review
Review of Literature
Analysis of Literature
Step Description of Tasks P #
1 Format your APA-7-Compliant Title page. p. 1
2 Use a Level 1 Heading for “Literature Review” and a Level 2 Heading to
write your “Introduction to the Literature Review”
p. 10a
Sample on p. 10
3 Evaluate your analysis to decide upon the ORDER in which you will
present research.
p. 16a
4 Use Level 3 Headings for any potential categories articles that fall under
the Level 2 Heading of “Review of Literature” (see sample). Use your
notes p. 13a to write your next three objective summaries and fit in your
graded objective summary into your decided order.
p. 13a
Sample on p. 14
5 Use a Level 2 Heading for “Analysis of Literature” and write the last
paragraph of your Literature Review.
p. 16a
Sample on p. 17
6 Create and format your APA-7-Compliant References page including ANY
source cited in your document.
7 Complete Checklist p. 17a
8 Submit your Draft of the Literature Review and the checklist Submission
Now …
Be proud! You’ve met a major Milestone in the research
paper process!
RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH IN PREGNANT WOMEN 1
Racial Disparities in Healthcare Among Pregnant Women in the United States
Tamifer Lewis
Department of Public Health, Monroe College, King Graduate School
KG604-144: Graduate Research and Critical Analysis
Dr. Manya Bouteneff
December 4, 2022
I attest that I have used the checklist on pages 71-78 of my manual
I attest that I passed this paper through the free version of Grammarly
I attest that I incorporated ALL feedback from all previous assignments to make this paper
SHINE
RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH IN PREGNANT WOMEN 2
Racial Disparities in Healthcare Among Pregnant Women in the United States
Introduction
African American, American Indian, and Alaska Native women are up to three times
more likely to die from adverse pregnancy related outcomes, a disparity that increases with age
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2019). Researchers found a program which
provided support to African American women through group trainings, entailing of stress
reduction techniques, life skills development, and the building of social support. This enabled
mitigation efforts to be focused and geared around the factors that influence and contributed to
adverse pregnancy outcomes among the minority women within the community, thus reducing
and preventing negative pregnancy outcomes in women of color. In the United States, maternal
mortality and adverse health outcomes persist within the minority community, yet as racial
disparities in healthcare among pregnant women is a current preventable public health concern, it
is vital to understand the determinants of health that influences negative pregnancy related
outcomes in minority women, similar to one of California’s intervention programs, the Black
Infant Health Program (Nichols & Cohen, 2019).
Literature Review
Introduction to Literature Review
Research suggests that racial disparities in healthcare among pregnant women persists in
the United States (Zhang et al., 2013). Due to this continuous occurrence, it is vital to examine
the factors that contribute to the adverse outcomes in maternal health. The literature review
contained only research articles about factors that impacted and influenced disparities in
pregnancy outcomes. Factors that were reviewed were socioeconomic status, public health
insurance, race/ethnicity, and poverty status. The literature review was conducted using EBSCO
RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH IN PREGNANT WOMEN 3
Host and ProQuest databases from the Monroe College Library. The search terms used to
compile pertinent articles were racial disparities maternal health, adverse pregnancy outcomes,
and maternal health outcomes.
Review of Literature
Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Factors
Darling et al. (2021) conducted a study between 2001 and 2018 to examine the efficiency
of qualified interventions in preterm birth, small for gestational age, low birth weight, neonatal
death, cesarean deliveries, maternal care satisfaction, and coast effectiveness programs. A
systematic review was used to collect data from the United States, France, Spain, and the
Netherlands. The studies consisted of mostly non- Caucasian women from low-income
population ranging from 12 to 46 years of age and being between 20 to 32 weeks’ gestation.
Interventional programs were implemented into three categories: group prenatal care, augmented
prenatal care, or a combination of both group and augmented prenatal care (Darling et
al., 2021).
The researchers found that certain interventions, such as prenatal care and augmented care, or a
combination of both, may decrease adverse outcomes in small-for-gestational-age and preterm
birth, and could aid in increasing maternal care satisfaction. Interventions that worked on
enhancing coordination of care were found to result in providing more effective cost savings.
The researchers also found disparities in the quality of access to care in the vulnerable
population. There was insufficient evidence of suitable quality to confirm that the interventions
were successful at enhancing clinical outcomes in prenatal care for at risk populations (Darling et
al., 2021).
Similar observations were made in a study conducted by Nichols and Cohen (2020),
between 2006 and 2018 to examine the methods used to improve the results of maternal
RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH IN PREGNANT WOMEN 4
mortality in California. The study was conducted using a scoping review to evaluate research on
women and maternal health in the United States. The researchers used information from the US
Maternal Fetal Medicine Network to measure the percentage of studies where pregnant women,
women, and children were the main focus. The researchers also reviewed documentation on
healthcare policies and practices from California’s public health department, healthcare
foundation, and Maternal Quality Care Collaborative. Nichols and Cohen (2020) found that
although the health of fetus and children could be adversely affected by the health of the mother,
the majority of maternal programs in the United States places emphasis on the child. The
researchers also found four areas of concern in women health experiences, both in pre and
postnatal care. The problem areas entailed inadequate investment in women’s health, inefficient
quality of care and avoidable caesarean delivers, expanding disparities in minority women and
women living in rural areas, and contradictory collection and distribution of data (Nichols &
Cohen, 2020).
Approaches to Improving Pregnancy Outcomes
In contrast to the preceding studies, Zhang et al. (2013) conducted a study between 2005
and 2007 to calculate the excessive rate of unfavorable outcomes in pregnancy within racial and
ethnic groups. The study also aimed to measure the possibility of Medicaid savings that are
linked to paid maternal care claims resulting from the inequalities that contribute to unfavorable
maternal outcomes. A cross-sectional study using Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) data was
used to gather pregnancy outcome information from inpatient hospitals from 14 states (Florida,
Alabama, Arkansas, North Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Maryland,
Missouri, Tennessee, South Carolina, Virginia, and Texas). The study consisted of a little over 2
million patients who were insured with Medicaid and had a delivery code of maternal delivery
RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH IN PREGNANT WOMEN 5
stay. Zhang et al. (2013) found that, with the exception of gestational diabetes, African American
women showed the worst outcomes out of all unfavorable pregnancy outcomes. These disparities
are postulated as being multi-factorial, having causes stemming from complicated experiences
with racism, poverty, and complex healthcare interactions. It was also found that women covered
under Medicaid health insurance were more likely to have consistency in care from prenatal care
through delivery compared to their counterparts. However, due to participation in Medicaid
programs being influenced by reimbursement rates, some providers may choose to stop
accepting Medicaid patients because of reimbursement delays and low payment rates, which
could contribute to negative birth outcomes (Zhang et al., 2013).
Analysis of Literature
In the United States, the persistence of maternal mortality continues to be a problem area
in public health. The contributing factors that impact pregnancy outcomes persist in burdening
the U.S., leading to poor healthcare quality, and increasing health disparities. The studies used in
this literature review each used a different form of research methodology to collect data,
including systematic and scoping reviews and cross-sectional studies. Similarly, Darling et al.
(2021), Nichols and Cohen (2020), and Zhang et al. (2013) have emphasized the correlation
between race/ethnicity and financial status playing a part in influencing quality of care, access of
care, and pregnancy outcomes in pregnant minority women. To mitigate the disparities in
maternal health Darling et al. (2021) and Zhang et al. (2013) suggested that interventions should
be inspected and geared towards determining and eradicating the racial and ethnic disparities that
affect pregnancy-related outcomes. Whereas Nichols and Cohen (2020) suggested focusing on
exploring the distinctive experiences of particular at-risk subgroups of women, such as women in
RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH IN PREGNANT WOMEN 6
prison, who are of childbearing age, and the pregnant women who are less likely to pursue
prenatal care, such as undocumented women.
Discussion
Introduction to Discussion
There is current evidence that racial disparities in healthcare among pregnant women
continues to be a problem in the United States. In an article published by The New York Times
(Rabin, 2019), there has been a persistence and growth in racial disparity throughout the years
despite calls to take action to improve medical care access for women of color. Similarly, in a
study conducted by Nichols and Cohen (2019) mounting disparities continue amid women health
outcomes in the United States, primarily among race and ethnicity and within residents living in
urban and rural areas (Nichols & Cohen, 2019). These disparities directly affect African
American, Alaska Native and Native American Women (Rabin, 2019). When compared to other
high-income countries, the United States has substandard records in maternal health outcomes,
and while the rate of maternal mortality dropped across the world, America’s maternal health
outcomes have worsened (Rabin, 2019).
Evidence-Based Recommendation
To reduce the disparities among minority women policy changes have been made.
Federal law enacted the Preventing Maternal Death Act providing states with grants to explore,
examine and investigate pregnancy related deaths for up to one year after the birth of a child
(Rabin, 2019). Also, The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists created new
guidelines in treating cardiovascular disease in pregnant women (Rabin, 2019). In 2014 Alliance
for Innovation on Maternal Health (AIM) was developed by the American College of Obstetrics
and Gynecology to collaborate with partners of the states and hospitals to gather information on
RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH IN PREGNANT WOMEN 7
safety measures being taken to improve maternal health outcomes, allowing partners to assess
and track program progress (Nichols & Cohen, 2019). In the study conducted by Nichols and
Cohen (2019), two out of the various programs that California implemented were the Black
Infant Health Program (BIH) and increasing the states income eligibility for pregnant women to
200% of the federal poverty level. With the implementation of these programs, mortality rates
decreased from 22.1% to 8.3% in the best practices toolkit, a program developed for hemorrhage
and high blood pressure during pregnancy. Altogether, California’s maternal mortality rate
decreased by above 50% between 2006 and 2018 (Nichols & Cohen, 2019). To prevent negative
pregnancy outcomes in women of color, California used federal funds to develop programs that
focused on African American mothers and the health determinants that are influenced by social
and structural factors. The Black Infant Health Program provided support to African American
women through group trainings, entailing of stress reduction, life skills development, and
building social support (Nichols & Cohen, 2019). Nearly half of the babies born in the United
States are insured under Medicaid which covers the child through the first year of life. However,
in most states, Medicaid provides coverage for the mother until 60 days postpartum, after which
the mother must meet the federal poverty level to be eligible for coverage (Nichols & Cohen,
2019). This exposes the mother to various risks that can adversely affect her health. Expanding
Medicaid access would mitigate the maternal healthcare barriers that affect low socioeconomic
minority women.
Racial disparities in maternal healthcare are a persistent problem in the United States.
African American mothers experience higher adverse pregnancy outcomes and are less likely to
obtain sufficient prenatal care when compared to Caucasian women (Zhang et al., 2013).
Similarly, racial disparities among women of color are made worse by partialities in the
RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH IN PREGNANT WOMEN 8
healthcare that they receive (Nichols & Cohen, 2019). To mitigate racial disparities in maternal
health among minority women it is important to understand the determinants that contribute to
their health outcomes. With increased federal funding, programs can be geared towards
providing quality care to women of color. This can be established by utilizing specific methods
of care that are relatable to those being serviced in the community, providing them with medical
professionals that are culturally competent and adequately trained in servicing underserved
communities, fostering a trusting provider-patient relationship. Nichols and Cohen (2019)
suggest that funding should be used to address the social factors that influence maternal health to
reduce the psychosocial risks in women who may be more vulnerable to adverse pregnancy
outcomes. The pregnancy-related risks of a mother do not end after her child’s birth. The
expansion of Medicaid access and coverage would provide a mother with the means of receiving
adequate care during all stages of pregnancy and during the postpartum period, in which she can
still be adversely affected from her pregnancy. It is vital for the federal government to enact
policies requiring states to provide medical coverage to women for one year after the birth of
their child. Providing coverage to various specialties would ensure the mother has efficient
access to care should adverse symptoms develop. Nichols and Cohen (2019) postulated that state
programs should expand Medicaid coverage for women focusing on their healthcare needs
before, during and after pregnancy, paying close attention to women’s health and chronic disease
management, especially to those who have or had high risk pregnancies. Implementing these
programs would develop a foundation in the quality of racial maternal care across all states and
provide cohesion and uniformity in the delivery of care.
Conclusion
RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH IN PREGNANT WOMEN 9
As seen in one of California’s intervention programs, the Black Infant Health Program
(Nichols & Cohen, 2019), a program which provided support to African American women
through group trainings, which entailed stress reduction techniques, life skills development, and
the building of social support enabled mitigation efforts to be focused and geared around the
influencing factors that contributed to adverse pregnancy outcomes among the minority women
within the community, thus reducing and preventing negative pregnancy outcomes in women of
color. African American, American Indian, and Alaska Native women are up to three times more
likely to die from adverse pregnancy related outcomes, a disparity that increases with age (CDC,
2019). In the United States, maternal mortality and adverse health outcomes persist within the
minority community and as a result racial disparities in healthcare among pregnant women is a
current preventable public health concern, therefore it is vital to understand the determinants of
health that influences negative pregnancy related outcomes in minority women.
RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH IN PREGNANT WOMEN 10
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, September 6). Racial and ethnic disparities
continue in pregnancy-related deaths. CDC.
https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/p0905-racial-ethnic-disparities-pregnancy-
deaths.html
Darling, E. K., Cody, K., Meara Tubman-Broeren, & Marquez, O. (2021). The effect of prenatal
care delivery models targeting populations with low rates of PNC attendance: A
systematic review. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 32(1), 119-
136. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/effect-prenatal-care-delivery-models-
targeting/docview/2507722229/se-2
Nichols, C. R., & Cohen, A. K. (2021). Preventing maternal mortality in the United States:
Lessons from California and policy recommendations. Journal of Public Health Policy,
42(1), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-020-00264-9
Rabin, R. C. (2019, May 8). Huge racial disparities persist in pregnancy-related deaths, and are
growing. New York Times, A20(L).
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A584694288/ITOF?u=nysl_me_moncol&sid=bookmark-
ITOF&xid=b9422ff9
Zhang, S., Cardarelli, K., Shim, R., Ye, J., Booker, K. L., & Rust, G. (2013). Racial disparities in
economic and clinical outcomes of pregnancy among Medicaid recipients. Maternal and
Child Health Journal, 17(8), 1518+.
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A344827866/PPNU?u=nysl_me_moncol&sid=bookmark-
PPNU&xid=51747d52
1
Notes for Research Articles: Cybersecurity Readiness in SMEs
Student Name
Department, Institution
Course Title
Instructor Name
Due Date
Notes for Research Articles: Cybersecurity Readiness in SMEs
W(5)H(1): New Research Article #1 (Basic Research Article): Cybersecurity Readiness in SMEs
1.
Who conducted the research?
The study was conducted by Haiat Perozzo, Aurelio Ravarini and Fatema Zaghloul
2.
Why was the study completed (purpose / what researchers hoped to learn)
?
The purpose of the study was to examine the preparedness of small and medium-sized enterprises in regards to dealing with cybersecurity challenges.
3.
When was data collected (not the publication year)
?
Data was collected in 2021.
4.
Where was data collected (physical location)
?
Data was collected in Italy
5.
How was data collected (methodology)? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the methodology and HIGHLIGHT the indicator words that specifically show you the methodology
:
Data was collected through use of interviews.
“This study uses
semi-structured interviews with companies belonging to the manufacturing sector, in which questions are prepared ahead of time but not strictly followed during the
interview [
23
]. Despite the fact that
semi-structured interviews have a series of pre-determined questions, they normally unfold in a way that allows interviewers to dig deeper into or discuss themes they consider as essential or require further attention” Perozzo et al. (2021).
6.
What were the findings? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the findings and HIGHLIGHT the sentences that specifically show you the summary of findings:
The findings indicated that different organizations tend to have different levels of readiness in matters to do with cybersecurity.
“
Company A is characterized by a total unawareness of cyber-risk. In addition to not presenting IT security tools, the company identifies itself as ‘too small’ to be a target of cybercrime. The company constitutes the stereotype of what we propose to name a dangerously unconscious organization.
Company B, on the other hand, is confident in its potential in terms of computer security as it relies entirely on a third-party organization to fulfil this aspect. The model illustrates that the company does not actually possess any solidity and internal awareness. In addition, the company’s trust in the third party is such that it does not lead the client company to carry out checks on the IT security of the supplier itself. The stereotype generated by this company can be called cybersecurity–dependent on third parties.
Finally, Company C, despite its medium size and its manufacturing nature, proved to be prepared for cyber-attacks. Indeed, the company has proven to be in line with the criteria defined by the CSRM model.
However, it cannot be considered exempt from cybersecurity risks, having achieved only a medium level in the “availability of protection systems”. The profile generated for this type of company can be termed as realist” Perozzo et al. (2021).
W(5)H(1): New Research Article #2 : The Impact of Cybersecurity Practices on Cyberattack Damage: The Perspective of Small Enterprises in Saudi Arabia
1.
Who conducted the research?
The researchers who conducted the study were
Fawaz Alharbi
,
Majid Alsulami
,
Abdullatif AL-Solami
,
Yazeed Al-Otaibi
, Meshaal Al-Osimi,
Fahad Al-Qanor
, and
Khalid Al-Otaibi
2.
Why was the study completed (purpose / what researchers hoped to learn)
?
The purpose of the study was to gauge the impact of cybersecurity practices with respect to cybersecurity threats.
3.
When was data collected (not the publication year)
?
Data was collected in the period between December, 2020 to March, 2021.
4.
Where was data collected (physical location)
?
Data was collected in small enterprises in Saudi Arabia.
5.
How was data collected (methodology)? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the methodology and HIGHLIGHT the indicator words that specifically show you the methodology
:
Data was collected through use of surveys.
“A total of
296 respondents, all of them involved in small enterprises in Saudi Arabia, responded to the
survey during the period from 3 December 2020, through 18 March 2021. However, the responses of 14 participants were not included in the analysis as they were incomplete. Thus, 282 participants completed the
online survey” (Alharbi et al., 2021).
6.
What were the findings? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the findings and HIGHLIGHT the sentences that specifically show you the summary of findings:
The research findings showed that some organizations lost vital data during attacks but there was minimal financial damage. The period for recovery following attacks varied across organizations. The factors that had an impact on the damage were inspection team and recovery plan while loss of data was associated with cybersecurity awareness, knowledge of damage and the salaries of professionals.
“While
20.5% of respondents stated that their organizations had lost sensitive data during the attacks, only 14.2% of the participants reported that the cybersecurity attack caused financial damage to their enterprises. The results are similar to findings from the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) [
23], which indicated that 26.4% of small-sized organizations in Australia faced financial harm due to cybersecurity events
. The amount of time it took SMEs in this study to restore their systems to normal functioning varied between enterprises and reached days (22.3%) or months in some cases (9.6%). This is considered a long time when compared with other enterprises, as mentioned in” (Alharbi et al., 2021).
“
The results indicate that only two factors—inspection team and recovery plan—have an impact on the financial damage caused by cybersecurity attacks on small enterprises.
The multiple regression analysis shows that small enterprises that have an inspection team and a recovery plan are less likely to suffer major financial damage in the event of a cybersecurity attack. This result shows the importance of having a dedicated team in place to review the procedures related to information security measures, as required by many authorities in Saudi Arabia, such as the Capital Market Authority” (Alharbi et al., 2021).
W(5)H(1): New Research Article #3: Exploration of the Impact of Cybersecurity Awareness on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Wales Using Intelligent Software to Combat Cybercrime.
1.
Who conducted the research?
The study was conducted by Nisha Rawindaran, Ambikesh Jayal and Edmond Prakash
2.
Why was the study completed (purpose / what researchers hoped to learn)
?
Rawindaran et al. (2022) looked to understand the significance of cybersecurity awareness in addressing cyber threats in SMEs.
3.
When was data collected (not the publication year)
?
Data was collected in 2022.
4.
Where was data collected (physical location)
?
Data was collected in Wales
5.
How was data collected (methodology)? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the methodology and HIGHLIGHT the indicator words that specifically show you the methodology
:
The researchers used surveys to collected data.
“The methodology used in this paper follows positivism in the form of a quantitative approach using a
survey questionnaire. It involves distribution of the
survey to SMEs in Wales using convenience sampling in which data was collected from 122 sampled respondents. Qualtrics was used to create the
survey and distribute it” (Rawindaran et al. 2022).
6.
What were the findings? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the findings and HIGHLIGHT the sentences that specifically show you the summary of findings:
From the research it was evident that the levels of awareness were substantially low across worker populations in SMEs.
“The respondents who gave these explanations identified that the support from their IT team was enough for them to not need to understand machine learning and relied on those companies to look after the SME needs, whilst others said that they were not sure if their software license had expired, only used simple anti-virus, or were run by third-party organizations such as a university. The above questions led to the SME being asked of the challenges of using machine learning in cyber security packages as shown in Figure 8.
Nearly 72% stated that it was due to just being unaware, 10% stated that these challenges were due to barriers to technical expertise whilst 8% said it was due to the excessive cost of implementation and use” (Rawindaran et al., 2022).
W(5)H(1): New Research Article #4: Assessing SMEs’ cybersecurity organizational readiness: Findings from an Italian survey
1.
Who conducted the research?
The study was conducted by Martina Neri, Federico Niccolini and Rosario Pugliese.
2.
Why was the study completed (purpose / what researchers hoped to learn)
?
The purpose of the research was to gauge the level of preparedness of SMEs in dealing with cyber threats.
3.
When was data collected (not the publication year)
?
Data was collected between December 2020 and February 2021
4.
Where was data collected (physical location)
?
The study was conducted in Italy.
5.
How was data collected (methodology)? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the methodology and HIGHLIGHT the indicator words that specifically show you the methodology
:
The research used survey administration to collect data.
“We conducted the assessment both quantitatively and qualitatively to obtain more detailed and meaningful information about SMEs’ organizational cybersecurity readiness. The quantitative assessment consists of a
survey structured into four sections. Each section investigates fundamental features with which to assess and improve organizational readiness within the cyber domain” (Neri et al., 2022).
6.
What were the findings? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the findings and HIGHLIGHT the sentences that specifically show you the summary of findings:
The findings indicated that SMEs in Italy feature both strengths and weaknesses in regards to cybersecurity
“Our overall assessment suggests that Italian SMEs demonstrate certain strengths but also reveal some weaknesses. These SMEs appear to be
aware of critical information’s value. In addition, SMEs
detected threats from both inside and outside the organization. Decision-makers are concerned with day-to-day activities; consequently,
their long-term planning is limited.
Their lack of a cybersecurity budget also confirms this.
This lack of a dedicated cybersecurity budget prevents SMEs from taking the required proactive steps to prevent cyber-attacks, which could be due to a lack of awareness and a tendency to focus on corporate activities’ more operational aspects. As previously observed, small businesses are less likely to consider themselves targets of cybercriminals” (Neri et al., 2022).
References
Alharbi, F., Alsulami, M., Al-Solami, A., Al-Otaibi, Y., Al-Osimi, M., Al-Qanor, F., & Al-Otaibi, K. (2021). The impact of cybersecurity practices on cyberattack damage: The perspective of small enterprises in Saudi Arabia.
Sensors, 21(20), 6901. 10.3390/s21206901
Neri, M., Niccolini, F., & Pugliese, R. Assessing SMEs’ cybersecurity organizational readiness: Findings from an Italian survey.
Online Journal of Applied Knowledge Management https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363741932_Assessing_SMEs’_cybersecurity_organizational_readiness_Findings_from_an_Italian_survey
Perozzo, H., Ravarini, A., & Zaghloul, F. (2021). Assessing Cybersecurity Readiness within SMEs: Proposal of a Socio-Technical based Model.
Proceedings. https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3239/paper3
Rawindaran, N., Jayal, A., & Prakash, E. (2022). Exploration of the Impact of Cybersecurity Awareness on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Wales Using Intelligent Software to Combat Cybercrime.
Computers,
11(12), 174. https://doi.org/10.3390/ computers11120174
1
Notes for Research Articles: Self-Driving Vehicles
Student Name
Department, Institution
Course Title
Instructor Name
Due Date
Notes for Research Articles: Self-Driving Vehicles
W(5)H(1): New Research Article #1 (Basic Research Article): Safety of the Introduction of Self-driving Vehicles in a Logistics Environment
1.
Who conducted the research?
Patrik Viktor and Ágnes Szeghegyi
2.
Why was the study completed (purpose / what researchers hoped to learn)
?
The purpose of the study was to examine the developments in regards to self-driving vehicles.
3.
When was data collected (not the publication year)
?
Data was collected in 2022.
4.
Where was data collected (physical location)
?
Data was collected in Hungary.
5.
How was data collected (methodology)? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the methodology and HIGHLIGHT the indicator words that specifically show you the methodology
:
The methodology that was used was systematic review.
“Through an extensive
literature review, we explore the development and current state of self-driving vehicles, afterward, we raise the most significant ethical issues, decisions, and trust factors reflected by society’s attitude towards the spread of self-driving vehicles on public roads” (Viktor & Szeghegyi, 2022).
6.
What were the findings? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the findings and HIGHLIGHT the sentences that specifically show you the summary of findings:
The studies found out that pricing was a key factor in choice of self-management systems. They also introduced parameters that should help manufacturers develop the systems.
“One of the determining factors in choosing an IT system is
price, as there is a medium relationship between price and the type of IT system. That is the type of self-managed IT system we choose is affected by the
price” (Viktor & Szeghegyi, 2022).
“In addition, we have introduced several
important parameters for the intention to introduce, which describe the current market trends and may help the manufacturers to operate with a greater understanding of the expert/consumer side” (Viktor & Szeghegyi, 2022).
W(5)H(1): New Research Article #2 (Basic Research Article): Safer than the average human driver (who is less safe than me)? Examining a popular safety benchmark for self-driving cars
1.
Who conducted the research?
The research was conducted by Michael Nees
2.
Why was the study completed (purpose / what researchers hoped to learn)
?
The purpose of the study was to investigate the safety ratings of drivers and the perceived rating of self-driving cars.
3.
When was data collected (not the publication year)
?
Data was collected in 2019.
4.
Where was data collected (physical location)
?
Data was collected in US.
5.
How was data collected (methodology)? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the methodology and HIGHLIGHT the indicator words that specifically show you the methodology
:
The researchers used a survey to collect data.
“Using an online sample, this
study examined U.S. drivers’ ratings of their own ability to drive safely and their desired level of safety for self-driving vehicles” (Nees, 2019).
6.
What were the findings? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the findings and HIGHLIGHT the sentences that specifically show you the summary of findings:
The results showed that drivers believe they are better and safer drivers than automated vehicles.
“This study replicated the better-than-average effect for perceived ability to drive safely, as most drivers reported that they believe they are safer than the average driver. This study also showed that most drivers believe they drive more safely than current vehicles with automation are capable of driving” (Nees, 2019).
W(5)H(1): New Research Article #3 (Basic OR Applied Research Article): Exploring the implications of autonomous vehicles: a comprehensive review
1.
Who conducted the research?
The study was conducted by Kareem Othman.
2.
Why was the study completed (purpose / what researchers hoped to learn)
?
The purpose of the study was to explore the significance of autonomous vehicles in regards to safety, public behaviour, land use, economy, society and environment, public health, and in situations involving pandemics.
3.
When was data collected (not the publication year)
?
Data was carried out in 2021.
4.
Where was data collected (physical location)
?
Data was collected in US.
5.
How was data collected (methodology)? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the methodology and HIGHLIGHT the indicator words that specifically show you the methodology
:
The study utilized systematic reviews in data collection process.
“This state of the art
reviews the existing literature on the topic of implications of automated vehicles. The
databases and search engines used were Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SPRINGER LINK, IEEE Xplore, and TRID” (Othman, 2022).
6.
What were the findings? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the findings and HIGHLIGHT the sentences that specifically show you the summary of findings:
The research indicated that people in developed countries have more positive mindset about self-driving vehicles compared to those in developing nations. The vehicles have both benefits and limitations in relation to public health. They can be useful when facing pandemics.
“Comparing the results across different countries (in terms of accident statistics, education, and income) shows that
people from developed countries are more pessimistic than people from developing countries towards AV adoption” (Othman, 2022).
“While AVs
might increase some risks such as pollution and sedentarism, AVs might reduce morbidity and fatalities from vehicle collisions and might help reshape cities to promote healthy environments” (Othman, 2022).
“As a result, AVs have proved their ability in addressing some of the biggest challenges confronting societies in pandemics.
Thus, the previous use cases show that AVs represent a major tool in the fight against pandemics that AVs can provide effective, and safe mobility to help people to move to their essential activities” (Othman, 2022).
W(5)H(1): New Research Article #4 (Applied Research Article): Autonomous Driving in the Logistics Industry
1.
Who conducted the research?
Lukas Neuweiler and Pia Vanessa Riedel
2.
Why was the study completed (purpose / what researchers hoped to learn)
?
The goal was to investigate the perceptions of self-driven vehicles in logistics.
3.
When was data collected (not the publication year)
?
Data was collected in 2022.
4.
Where was data collected (physical location)
?
Data was collected in Sweden and Germany.
5.
How was data collected (methodology)? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the methodology and HIGHLIGHT the indicator words that specifically show you the methodology
:
The research used interview to gather data.
“An inductive research approach is used to explore the topic. A multimethod research strategy is applied to gather data through
qualitative semistructured interviews with 17 participants. These were divided into five different case groups. To interpret the data a thematic analysis approach was chosen” (Neuweiler & Riedel, 2022).
6.
What were the findings? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the findings and HIGHLIGHT the sentences that specifically show you the summary of findings:
The findings showed that individuals think that fully autonomous driving is not expected in the near future. Resources involving the physical and knowledge aspects will become more important while human resources will lose its significance.
“Transport companies and truck developers have a clear understanding of autonomous driving and it implementation process.
Lower levels of autonomous driving are expected to be available in near future. In contrast, fully automated trucks (level 5) are not anticipated to enter the market soon. Logistics experts agree that other trends are connected to autonomous driving” (Neuweiler & Riedel, 2022).
“Competencies like driver quality might lose relevance depending on how the role of
drivers will change in this new environment. Fleet size as well as the ability to offer special
services will become more important in future.
Generally, physical and knowledge resources
will become more important, while human resources will lose relevance, if companies find
feasible solutions to replace them” (Neuweiler & Riedel, 2022).
References
Viktor, P., & Szeghegyi, Á. (2022). Safety of the introduction of self-driving vehicles in a logistics environment.
Periodica Polytechnica.Transportation Engineering, 50(4), 387-399. doi: https://doi.org/10.3311/PPtr.20006
Nees, M. A. (2019). Safer than the average human driver (who is less safe than me)? Examining a popular safety benchmark for self-driving cars.
Journal of safety research,
69, 61-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2019.02.002
Othman, K. (2022). Exploring the implications of autonomous vehicles: A comprehensive review. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 7(2), 165. 10.1007/s41062-022-00763-6
Neuweiler, L., & Vanessa Riedel, P. (2017). Autonomous Driving in the Logistics Industry.
Jönköping university** thesis. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1129922/FULLTEXT01
9
Notes for Research Articles: Internet of Things and Individual Privacy
Student Name
Department, Institution
Course Title
Instructor Name
Due Date
Notes for Research Articles: Internet of Things and Individual Privacy
W(5)H(1): New Research Article #1 (Basic Research Article): The Internet of things (IoT) and its impact on individual privacy: An Australian perspective
.
1.
Who conducted the research?
The study was conducted by Xavier Caron, Rachelle Bosua, Atif Ahmad and Sean B. Maynard.
2.
Why was the study completed (purpose / what researchers hoped to learn)
?
The purpose of the study was to determine the effect that Internet of Things (IoT) has on the privacy of information.
3.
When was data collected (not the publication year)
?
Data was collected in 2015.
4.
Where was data collected (physical location)
?
Data was collected in Australia.
5.
How was data collected (methodology)? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the methodology and HIGHLIGHT the indicator words that specifically show you the methodology
:
The methodology that was used was systematic review.
“This research followed two phases. In Phase 1 a
systematic literature review was conducted following two activities: 1) a literature search process to identify and select relevant articles, and 2) a content analysis of the literature to identify themes that represent key concerns related to individual” (Caron et al., 2016).
privacy from the perspective of the IoT
6.
What were the findings? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the findings and HIGHLIGHT the sentences that specifically show you the summary of findings:
The studies found out that the measures for protection of data were inadequate.
“In reflection of the research question: To what extent does the Australian Privacy Principles protect an Australian individual’s privacy in relation to data collected via the Internet of Things?,
findings of this study found that the current APP has limitations in terms of individual privacy and data collection through the IoT. These limitations impact on the ways in which individual data is collected, used and handled” (Caron et al., 2016).
W(5)H(1): New Research Article #2 (Basic Research Article): Privacy of the Internet of Things: a systematic literature review
1.
Who conducted the research?
The research was conducted by Noura Aleisa and Karen Renaud.
2.
Why was the study completed (purpose / what researchers hoped to learn)
?
The goal of the research was to explore aspects of privacy in relation to IoT and determine the areas that require attention.
3.
When was data collected (not the publication year)
?
Data was collected in 2016.
4.
Where was data collected (physical location)
?
The focus areas were France, Germany and Italy.
5.
How was data collected (methodology)? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the methodology and HIGHLIGHT the indicator words that specifically show you the methodology
:
The researchers used systematic reviews to conduct their study.
“To assess the limits of privacy that are potentially violated by the IoT,
a systematic quantitative literature review was conducted. This method [49] has benefits as compared to a narrative style. It is capable of identifying the areas covered by existing research, and also revealing the gaps. It approaches the literature from different perspectives and facilitates delivery of new insights” (Aleisa & Renaud, 2016).
6.
What were the findings? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the findings and HIGHLIGHT the sentences that specifically show you the summary of findings:
The researchers showed that there is increase in concern about the different threats to information, and pointed out the solutions/measures that can be put in place.
“The
increasing collection of data about individuals is one of the main concerns,
especially the threats to individuals caused by analysis of their data using data mining techniques [10]. The literature indicates that about 31.5% of the papers have concerns about
location tracking; the next is the
sharing of unanonymised data (25.9%).
Concerns about profiling were mentioned in 21.3% of the papers, followed by
inventory attacks (8.3%),
interaction and presentation (6.5%), life cycle transitions (3.7%), and linkage (2.7%)” (Aleisa & Renaud, 2016).
“Many proposed solutions must intimately involve humans in the process. Some solutions deploy access control methods, or privacy-awareness applications. For example, in [71], the study proposed the
Dynamic Privacy Analyzer (DPA), a solution to make the smartmeter data owner aware of the privacy risks of sharing smart meter data with third parties. On the other hand, almost half of the proposed solutions suggested taking the human out of the loop. These proposed using
cryptographic techniques and information manipulation, or data minimization, to prevent data being sniffed en route to servers. In [67], an original scheme called the
Path Extension Method (PEM) was presented, which provides powerful protection of source-location privacy, by using an encryption technique that ensures an adversary will not be able to eavesdrop on communications” (Aleisa & Renaud, 2016).
W(5)H(1): New Research Article #3 (Basic OR Applied Research Article): A Review on Impact of Internet of Things (IoT) on Individual Privacy in Smart Home Systems.
1.
Who conducted the research?
The study was conducted by Fadimatu Muhammad Marafa, Suleiman Sa’ad, Aisha Tukur and Abubakar Mohammed.
2.
Why was the study completed (purpose / what researchers hoped to learn)
?
The goal of the study was to examine the impact of IoT on privacy of the smart home systems of individuals.
3.
When was data collected (not the publication year)
?
Data was carried out in 2018.
4.
Where was data collected (physical location)
?
Data was collected in Nigeria.
5.
How was data collected (methodology)? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the methodology and HIGHLIGHT the indicator words that specifically show you the methodology
:
The study utilized systematic reviews in data collection process.
“In this section methodology applied in the study was elaborated in order to show how the
articles used in the study were gathered. As such, the sources of the article,
search terms, selection of study, eligibility criteria and data collection processes were further discussed in detail in the following subsections” (Marafa etal., 2021).
6.
What were the findings? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the findings and HIGHLIGHT the sentences that specifically show you the summary of findings:
The research indicated that there are significant challenges associated with smart home systems.
“The
challenges could be in the system’s in-built vulnerabilities in which the structure setup is likely to encounter several attacks. Example of
such attacks could be from firmware, hardware (device), applications of the system, data, and the network interfaces or ports. Likewise, the system can be opened for
network-related attacks and failure of protocol as a result of bidirectional communication links between objects-to-objects [15]. Other relevant attacks could be,
leakage of individual’s information, incomplete data, unlawful attacks and etc.” (Marafa etal., 2021).
W(5)H(1): New Research Article #4 (Applied Research Article): End user security and privacy concerns with smart homes.
1.
Who conducted the research?
The study was conducted by Eric Zeng, Shrirang Mare, and Franziska Roesner.
2.
Why was the study completed (purpose / what researchers hoped to learn)
?
The goal was to investigate the concerns associated with privacy and security of smart homes.
3.
When was data collected (not the publication year)
?
Data was collected in 2017.
4.
Where was data collected (physical location)
?
The study was conducted in the US.
5.
How was data collected (methodology)? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the methodology and HIGHLIGHT the indicator words that specifically show you the methodology
:
The research used interview to gather data.
“Before designing our
interview questions, we conducted an
exploratory interview with a colleague who set up and lives in a smart home. After designing the
initial interview questions, we conducted four additional
pilot interviews with smart home residents, and made modifications to the questions to improve their clarity, and to better answer our research questions”
(Zeng et al., 2017).
6.
What were the findings? Cut and paste the paragraph below that describes the findings and HIGHLIGHT the sentences that specifically show you the summary of findings:
The findings showed that individuals have differing concerns and measures associated with security and privacy threats.
“Participants have
varied and sparse threat models, and do not share a common set of concerns or mitigations” (Zeng et al., 2017).
Reference
Caron, X., Bosua, R., Maynard, S. B., & Ahmad, A. (2016). The Internet of things (IoT) and its impact on individual privacy: An Australian perspective.
Computer Law & Security Review,
32(1), 4-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2015.12.001
Aleisa, N., & Renaud, K. (2016). Privacy of the Internet of Things: a systematic literature review (extended discussion).
arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.03340. http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/202504/1/202504
Marafa, F. M., Sa’ad, S., Tukur, A., & Mohammed, A. (2021, April). A Review on Impact of Internet of Things (IoT) on Individual Privacy in Smart Home Systems. In 2021
2nd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM) (pp. 127-131). IEEE. file:///C:/Users/brayo/Downloads/AReviewonImpactofIoTonIndividualPrivacyinSmartHomeSystems
Zeng, E., Mare, S., & Roesner, F. (2017, July). End user security and privacy concerns with smart homes. In
Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS) (Vol. 220). https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/soups2017/soups2017-zeng
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