Last week, you saw how a single factor such as parental substance use can have significant effects on the biological development of a child. The way in which a parent/caregiver interacts with the child can also have lasting effects—this time, psychological. A caregiver’s warmth, presence, attentiveness, communication, parenting, and disciplinary styles all contribute to the child’s understanding of themselves and their place in the environment. Child abuse can not only harm a child physically but can also disrupt psychological development. However, with every child abuse claim, it is important to consider cultural aspects that may be at play.
2
RESOURCES
Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.
WEEKLY RESOURCES
TO PREPARE:
· Review the Learning Resources on psychological development. Refer to last week’s media piece on theories of human development.
· Explore the Hernandez Family case in the
Social Work Case Studies interactive media in the Learning Resources.
BY DAY 3
Post your initial response to the case:
· Describe two potential risks of Juan and Elena Hernandez’s disciplinary style on the psychological development of their children.
· Identify one theoretical perspective (e.g., Piaget or Erikson) that can be used to explain the children’s developmental stage. How does this theory apply to the Hernandez children and to the potential impact of the parents’ disciplinary style?
Please use the Learning Resources to support your response.
BY DAY 6
Respond to
two colleagues by describing an intervention that could be used to address the impact to development described. Please use the Learning Resources to support your response.
REFERENCES
· Zastrow, C. H., Kirst-Ashman, K. K., & Hessenauer, S. L. (2019).
Understanding human behavior and the social environment (11th ed.). Cengage Learning.
· Chapter 3, “Psychological Development in Infancy and Childhood” (pp. 95–158)
· Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, April 3).
Adverse childhood experiences (ACES)
Links to an external site.
. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/index.html
· Finkelhor, D. (2020).
Trends in adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in the United StatesLinks to an external site.
.
Child Abuse & Neglect,
108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104641
· National Pediatric Practice Community on Adverse Childhood Experiences. (n.d).
Pediatric ACEs and related life events screener
Links to an external site.
. https://www.acesaware.org/pdf_wrapper/pearls-tool-child-parent-caregiver-report-identified-english-rev-7-26-22/
· Download and use the
PEARLS tool – Child (Parent – Caregiver Report) for the Assignment.
MEDIA
· Walden University, LLC. (2021).
Social work case studies
Links to an external site.
[Interactive media]. https://waldenu.instructure.com
· Navigate to the Hernandez Family
response 1
Mariah Alexis Owens
YesterdayMar 15 at 11:24am
Manage Discussion Entry
Two potential risks of Juan and Elena’s disciplinary style on Juan Jr and Alberto’s psychological development are low self esteem and not forming a secure attachment to their caregiver. With parents that discipline in a harsh way or punish children frequently, the child’s self worth becomes diminished. The text discusses how a barrier to self actualization or “the tendency for every person to develop capacities that serve to maintain or enhance the person” is the child adhering to their caregivers values (Zastrow et al, 2019). This adherence to caregiver values effects the child’s condition of worth or the perspective that they are only valuable when behaving as expected or how the caregiver prefers (Zastrow et al, 2019). Because Juan Sr. And Elena expect Juan Jr and Alberto to behave by being still and quiet, which is not the norm for children of this developmental age, the child feels diminished worth for not living up to those expectations and this getting punished because they do no adhere. This can lead to trauma which can lead to mental health issues as they grow up such as depression. According to the CDC prevention of these adverse childhood experiences (ACE) can avoid approximately 21 million depression cases (CDC, 2020).
Another risk to Juan Jr and Alberto’s psychological development would be forming a secure attachment to their caregivers. Juan Jr and Alberto could develop negativity in the fourth stage of attachment called reciprocal relationships and feel rejection. During this stage of attachment children show affection for their caregivers when seeking “love, attention, and the physical contact they need” they also develop “increasing sensitivity to their caregivers feelings and goals” (Zastrow et al, 2019). Juan Jr received negative input from his father when he “spoke back” to his father and his father perceives Juan Jr as defiant. As a result Juan Jr views his father as negative and angry. Juan Jr is also developing anxiety around his caregivers as he becomes sensitive to their money problems and the stability of their family. Juan Jr also discusses that the family does not spend enough time together, which is a result of the parents working a lot giving Juan Jr feelings of neglect from his caregivers. Two factors that are not being met that are effecting Juan Jr. and Alberto’s quality of attachment to their caregivers are: significant time spent together and alert reactions to the child’s attentive care (Zastrow et al, 2019). Not forming a secure attachment to their parents can have long term negative effects on the child as they navigate the social world as they get older as well as create generational trauma.
In terms of theoretical perspectives Juan Jr is in Piaget’s period of concrete operations. This period is categorized by the ability to think logically, conceptualization, flexibility in thinking about situations and events, and developing use of symbols as well as many other cognitive development gains (Zastrow et al, 2019). This applies to the potential harm of their disciplinary style is the children are able to view and examine situations and events in terms of many variables (Zastrow et al, 2019). As the children are being punished they are examining the event or situation that led them to become punished this can insert negativity and shame for the things they are doing as well as rejection for the attention they are requesting from their parents. They can view this in many ways. They can view the punishment as a necessary way of getting attention by misbehaving because some portion of their need for attention is being met even if it is negative. They also view this as they are always bad no matter what they do and thus as I stated before effecting their self worth. In this stage they also start to see things for others point of view. If their parents are always angry at them they may view themselves as problematic because thats how their caregivers see them.
References
:
Zastrow, C. H., Kirst-Ashman, K. K., & Hessenauer, S. L. (2019).
Understanding human behavior and the social environment (11th ed.). Cengage Learning
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, April 3).
Adverse childhood experiences (ACES)
Links to an external site.
. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/index.html
Walden University, LLC. (2021).
Social work case studies
Links to an external site.
[Interactive media]. https://waldenu.instructure.com
Respnse 2
Shila Withers
YesterdayMar 15 at 12:37pm
Manage Discussion Entry
While Juan Sr. and Elena may not realize it, their disciplinary choices could likely have long term effects on their sons’ psychological development and therefore affect their behaviors as they age. One of their typical ways of discipline has been making the children kneel for hours holding heavy books. In the video excerpt, it has been mentioned that this action happened when Juan Jr. was “talking back” to his father. Adverse situations such as this could lead to disruptions in “sense of safety, stability, and bonding” (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020), potentially affecting Juan Jr’s communication with peers and authority figures as he ages. The video also mentioned similar disciplinary actions when the children are too loud when playing, which discourages normal developmental activities for children at their ages (8 and 6 years old). Playing with siblings is developmentally vital to understanding how to interact with other children in settings such as school and childcare programs. Although Juan Jr and Alberto are still young, they are “developing a personality as a result of these subjective experiences” (Zastrow et al., 2019). Ultimately, the disciplinary actions enacted by Juan Sr. and Elena could likely affect their children’s ability to communicate and socialize properly with others as they age, and therefore could lead to other adverse behaviors from the two children through adolescence and adulthood. The maladaptation to communication skills could potentially lead to arguments with peers and authority figures as well as isolation from peers which could lead to aggression and depression. To summarize, the disciplinary action at this age could hinder progress for the “children’s attention, decision-making, and learning” (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020).
Erikson’s psychosocial theory explains some of these concerns in Stage 3: Initiative versus Guilt. This stage outlines the importance of “engaging in activities, making choices, and imaginative play” to develop cognitive skills typical for that age group (Walden University, LLC, 2021). By disciplining Juan Jr and Alberto when they attempt to involve themselves in these activities, Juan Sr. and Elena are unintentionally causing their children to feel guilty about their desires to behave typically as children. Furthermore, this would likely affect the children in the next stage which focuses on confidence with peers and with task accomplishment. Their disciplinary action may induce anxiety in environments where playing is encouraged, such as instances in school where educative play is involved, and therefore result in lack of progression in education settings.
References
Zastrow, C. H., Kirst-Ashman, K. K., & Hessenauer, S. L. (2019).
Understanding human behavior and the social environment (11th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, April 3).
Adverse childhood experiences (ACES)
.
https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/index.htmlLinks to an external site.
Walden University, LLC. (2021).
Theories of human development
[Interactive media]. Walden University Blackboard. https://waldenu.instructure.com
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