Pick a vision statement from the list of Twenty-First Century Vision Statements (page 187). Then choose two different characteristics from Table 6.4 (page 185). Assess the vision statement in relation to the two characteristics. What are your conclusions about the vision statement? Does it have the “wow” factor? Why? ONE CITATION FROM CHAPTER
Manag
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mheducation,con・/highered
DEDIICATIION$
From l
an
下O Dianne, Matthew,and Michelle
From Richard
下o Jill,Nick,and AIーy
From
DaVid
下o Lesley With1oVe-andthanks
A‘know彪dgments
A number ofpeople havecontributedtothisedition,and we owethem alladebt
of
gratitude,including Francis Adeola, UniversityofNew orleans; Terrence R‐,Bishop,
Northern
lllino
is
University; Frederick
Brock〕m‐eier, Northern
Kentucky
University;
LesleyBu‐chanan;andJames Cornwell,U,S.MilitaryAcademy,晒/emustalsothankthe
manychange managers-to
o
manyto name-with whom we
have
exploredthe
issues
addressedinthisbook,あrtheirtime,theirinsights,andtheirwillingnesstosharetheir
experlenceswithus.
IV
Chapter
Purpose and Visi
on
Learning
objectives
Bytheendofthischapteryoushouldbeableto:
璽璽圃
Exp-aintheargumentsforandagainsttheconceptsofpurpose{ormission}
andvisionandhow approachestotheseissuesdependontheimageof
managingorganizationalchange.
圏鞭国璽コ
Exp-aintheva-ueofac1earorganizationa-purposeormissionstatement
・
圏麗圏圏
1dentifythecharacteristicsofeffectivev-s1ons.
璽璽 園
App-ydifferentmethodsandprocessesfordeve1opingv-s1ons・
顔圏圏
Exp1ainwhysomev1s1onsfai1.
璽璽圏
Exp-ainthecontributionofpurposeandvisiontoorganiZationa1change・
”アわβ′soneWyeor.AneW
beg′“n′ng.And「わ′ngsw′/′
Chonge.
”
Taylorswift,singer
175
176
chapter
6
乃〃posed′7メメお′の?
r璽震璽麗圃
Missions and Visions:FundamentalorFads?
Thereisconfusion betWeentheterms“7Zsszo′7,Pz!′Pose,and 諺鱒○′?.ハ4issionsandvisions
aredifficulttodisentangle,FormLostcommentators,missionstatementsconcerntheover-
ridingpz〃poseoftheorganization(Quinnand Thakor,2018).Broadly,theyanswerthe
question,
“粥?の ろ那′′?essα〆e we“″“Vision,in contrast,concernsthe方′zz′〆eszα『e
ofthe
organization,
anaspirationthatcan mobilizetheenergyandpassionofthe
organization
’s
memLbers,Visionsanswerthequestion, iン77餌dowe wの営 め αc膚eye As missionstate-
mentsconcerntheorganization
’spurpose,theyareaction‐oriented,Visions,incontrast,
describeanultimategoal(Kolowich,2019):
ルメなsZo′7:VVarbyparker
のsわ′?:A1zheimer’s Association
Thesearethedef=mtionsofmission(purpose)andvision(鏡tureaspiration)thatwewill
useintmschapter,u!ewmusetheterms′77!ss!の?and駆″poseto meanthesamethゴmg,Bot
h
印dssionsandvisionscandriveorganizationalchange,Thechangemanagementperspectives
exploredinchapterloemphasizetheimportanceofclearmissionsand meaningfulvisions;
weneedtokllow whatbusmess wearein,andifwedodtkllow whereweareheaded,
it
doesn’t matterwhichdirection wetake.Butthereisdebateover whethertheconceptsof
missionandvisionare飽ndamentaltoeぼectivechange,orwhetherthesearejust魚ds-items
withwhichtodecoratethereceptionareaatthe
company
heado甘iceandthemside丘ont
pageofannualreports.lfyoudoaGooglesearch あr“missionandvisionstatements,
”most
超tswiutakeyouto managementconsultancysiteso爺eringadviceon howto writethese
statements;te唖山gthem apartcanbechallenging-andconfusing.
Aswewinsee,missionsandvisionscanbelinkedtostrategyandcompetitiveadvan‐
tage,enhancingorganizationalperformanceandsustaininggrowth.C1earmissionsshould
enable boardsto determine how wellorganizationalleadersare per恥rmingand
which
new businessopportunitiestopursue,Visionsshouldhelpstaffidentiル withtheorgani‐
zationandinspirethe motivationtoachievepersonalandcorporateo切ectives,Thepro‐
cessofdetermining missionsand visionscan enhancetheseIEesteem ofthose who
are
involved,becausetheycanseetheoutcomesoftheire”ヨorts.
Aconfused mission andalackofvision,ontheotherhand,canbelinkedtoorgani‐
zationaldeclineand魚ilure,Theabsenceofclearandcompelling missionandvision may
Tooぼerdesignereyewearatarevolutionarypr.ce,
whileleadingtheway貴)rsociallyconscious
businesses
AworldwithoutAJzheimer’sdisease
lt’shardtoimaginehowyouremployeescanperform
iftheydon’t
underst
and
your
company’s
purpose,
Howcantheycometoworkeverydayreadytofur-
therthebusinessiftheydon’tknowwhatyourorga-
nizationistryingtoaccomplishandhowtheirjobs
supportthosegoals? etinarecentsurveyof
more
than
540
employees worldwide
conducted
by
pwc,sstrategyconsultingbusiness,strategy&,only
28
percent
of
respondentsreported
feelin9
fully
motivated,passionate,orexcitedabouttheirjobs.
(B1ountandLeinwald,2019,p,134)
connectedtotheircompany’spurpose,Just39per-
centsaidtheycouldcーear-yseethevaーuetheycreate,
amere22percentagreedthattheirjobsa-lowthern
tofullyleveragetheirstrengths,andonly34percent
thoughttheystronglycontributetotheircompany’s
success.Morethan
ha-fweren’teven“somewhat“
Chapter6
Pmposeの7d″おゎ“ 177
e×P1ainwhysomecompanies魚iltoexploittheircorecomPetenciesdespitehaving
access
toadequateresources.Businessstrategieslackinginpurposeandvisionmay魚iltoident
i
whenorganizationalchangeandafreshdirectionarerequired.Lackofanadequatepro-
cessあrtranslatingsharedvisionintocollectiveaction maybeassociated withthe態ilure
toproducetrans云ormationalorganizationalchange.
Theconceptofvisionisparticularlypowerful.However,itremainscontroversialand
invitescynlc・sm wheneveryorganizationhasthesameblandvisionthatincludes“excel‐
lence,
”“corporateresponsibility,
”“empowered employees,
”and “delighted customers.
”
Aユthoughthereisalotofadviceonhowtodevelop missionsandvisions,thereislittle
or no
consensus
on
e爺ective
approaches.Some
commentators
have arguedth
atthe
preoccupation withthesestatementshas meantthatthetermshavebeen overusedand
trivializedandareindangeroflosinganyvaluetheymayhavehad.
Debatesaroundde賃nitionandsubstancedonotthemselvesinvalidatetheseconcepts.
Thechallenge危rthechange manageristoavoidabstractstatementsthatgivelittledetail.
ontheotherhand,statementsthat危cusin‐depthonshort‐term goalsarealsooflimited
va1ue,\八′eneedto workbetweenthesetwoextremes,Theseargumentspointtoadeeper
understanding;Thelinksbetween mission,vlslon,and changedependontheimageof
change managementinuse・Table
6.・summarizesthe di爺erentunderstandingsofeach
TABLE6コ
Changeハ4anagementlmage,ハ4isSi0n,aIIdvisi○n:LinksandFocus
lmage
Missions/、′isions‐ChangeLink
FocusingAttentionon
D′redo「
Missions/visionsareessential
to
Thereisaneedforclearmissions/visionsto
drive
successfulchangeand must
be
changelinkedtostrategyandgoaーs.
articulatedatanearlystageby
Anal〆icalandbenchmarkingprocessesshouldbeused.
ーeaders.
Contextaffectstheimpactof
missions/visions.
Thereisatop‐downresponsibilitytote=/se=the
missions/visions.
~ov勾oror
Missions/visionsareimportantbut
Missions/visionsaretheproductofdebate.
canbecompromisedbycompetin9
Thechangemanagerhastohandle“mission/
vision
viewsofdifferentstakehoーders.
collision”whencompetinggroupsdisagree.
Core『Qker
Externa-forcesshapethe
change
Visionaryorcharismaticleadershaveーimitedimp
act
process,and missions/visionsrarely
whenmissions/visionsarenotrelatedtotheevents
haveamajorinfluence.
drivenbythoseexternalforces.
Cooch
Missions/visionsemergethroughthe
Missions/Visionsemergethroughconsultationand
leader’sfacilitationski=s,shaping
co‐creation.
agendasanddesiredfutures.
Missions/visionswi=failwithoutparticipation.
′nferprefer
Missions/Visionsarticulatethecore
Missions/Visionsaredevelopedintuitively
through
valuesandideologythatunderp
in
imageryandimagination,usingframing,scripting,and
theor
anization’sidentit.
sta
in
techni
ues.
178
Chapter6
P”′poseの74“s′。〃
tP0age.Y『oucan usethistabletoidentiぜyhow differentimages 化)cusattention on
some
issuesandapproaches,andnotothers.
lnthischapter,wewillfirstexploretheconceptoforganizationalmissionorpurpose,
whatthismeans,howthisdrivesorganizationalchange,thebene行tsofbeinga
“
purpose-
driven”organization,andthelanguageinwhich mission orpurposestatementsarebest
expressed.V▽ewnlthenturntotheconceptofVision,which mayhaveeven moreimpact
asadriverofchange,Thisdependsonthecontentofthevisionandtheprocessthrough
whichthevisionisdeveloped. Wethenidenti whyvisionscan 魚ilto producetheir
desj崖redeがects,Finally,we化)cusonthreecontroversialissuesconcerningtherole
ofvision
inorganizationalchange,F”st,doesvisioninitiateanddrivechange,ordoesit
emerge
as
changeun賞)lds?
Second,doesvision
help
orhinder
change?
Third,isvision best
understood asan attributeofheroicleadersorofheroic organizations?Theperceptive
readerwinnotethatthesedebatesa1soapp1yto missions,butwehaveavoideddup1icating
thisdiscusslon・
国璽霊園
Mission:VVhy AreVVe Here?
柵1yl)。 W,-,C0・・I〔,tqwo嶋滋三きデー謡
ASmuchaSyoumaytrytomotiVateemployeeSwith
workers.Andthemoreyoualigntherightta-ent,op-
slogansorextrinsicrewards,youwon’tachieveex‐
erating
model,andfinancia-
resourcestosupport
Cellence
if
your
people
don’tknow whytheyare
yourpurpose,thebetterableemployeeswillbeto
comingtoworkeverydayatyourfirm.Theclearer
de-iveronit.Purposeisthekeytomotivation--and
youcahbeaboutwhatValueyourCompanycreates
motivatedemp-oyeesarethekeytorealizingyour
andforwhom,thegreateryourabilitytoinspireyour
purpose.(E;lountandLeinwand,2019,p.139)
Manyemployees-notjustMinennialsand GenZーWanttoWork あrorganizationswhose
missionsandbusinessphilosophiesresonatewiththemintenectuallyandemotionany(see
chapter3).Seniormanagementneedstocommunicatewhythecompanyeぬsts(whatvalue
itcreatesand 危rwhom)ina waythatiseasy あremployeestounderstand.But
mission
orPurPosestatements o貴entalkabout”beingthe comPanyofchoice”or”maxl1nlz・ng
shareholdervalue,
“Thesevaguestatementsdonotsaywhattheorganizationdoesor
who
itscustomersare.Theconfusionbetween mission,purpose,andvisioncan1eadcompanies
to produceseveraldifferentstatements,causingfurtherconfusion, However,a powerful
statementofPurposemeetstwoo団ectives:clearlyarticulatingstrategicgoalsandincreasing
workaorce motivation,B1ountand Leinwand(2019,P,134)arguethat,to achievethose
o回ectives,purposestatementshavetoanswerquestionssuchas,
“粥IQZZSJノ似preαso′?ルr
ex加増p””解?α『1’m乙!eqr琴似gzliz′?顔貌‘だ乙′srome′rand“卿7)ぼり肌′r舟′77m7御′のcのαふた
1K」EAiso賃encitedasacompanywithaclear messageaboutitspurpose.ltpromises
“tocreateabettereverydaylif℃貢)rthemanypeoP1e
“一asdistinct丘omthea]ばluent発w-by
“○爺eringawiderangeofwell‐designed,functionalhomefurnishingproductsatPrices
so
low thatas manypeople aspossiblewi旦beableto
a節ordthem.
’’ Henryschein,who
Chapter6 Pmposeの7メメデ瀞。“
179
ProvidesProductsandservices食)rmedicalanddentaIPractitioners,alsohasawell‐defined
purpose:‘Toprovideinnovative,integratedhealthcareproductsandservices,andtobe
trusted
adVisors
and
consultantsto
ourcustomers,enablingthem to deliverthebest
qualitypatientcareandenhancetheirpractice managemente]日目ciencyandpro負tability“
(B1ountandLeinwand,2〇19,P.136)・B1ountandLeinwa1dsuggestthatboardmembers
shouldbeasldngthe managementteamthese
questions:
lfweweretoPutourpurposestatementalongsideacomPetitor
’s,couldouremP1oyees
identi~ whichone wasours?
lfweaskedouremployees,how manycouldsay whatourpurPoseis?
DoouremP1oyeeshavetheresourcesrequiredtodeliveronourpromisestocustomers?
Chobani,America’sleadin9Greekyogurtbrand,
has
developeda”purposefu-organizationcu-ture.
”
The
company’s
purpose
is
”betterfoodformore
peo-
p-e/’VVorkers
in
Chobani’s
New
Vorkfactory
are
paid
doub-e
the
m-nlmum
wage,and
they
own
lo
percent
of
thelcompany
through
its
equity-
sharingscheme.Chobani’sfounder,HamdiU1ukaya,
believes
that
peopletake
prideand
ownership
in
thebrandandaremorehighーymotivatedwhenthey
haveastakeinthecompany.Thebrandalsofunds
start-ups
in
health
and
wellness
through
the
Chobani
Foundation
and
the
Chobani
lncubator.
Chobania-sohiresandsupportsrefugees,incoali-
tionwith80companieswiththesameaim.U1ukaya
says,
”Theminutetheygotthejob,tharstheminute
theystoppedbeingrefugees.
“Mostemployeesto-
daywantmorethanawage.Milーennialsinparticular
wantto
work
fororganizations
like
Chobani
that
makea meaningfufcontributiontosociety(based
onMainwairing,2018).
ResearchintoraPidlygrowingcompaniesinA立nerica,Europe,andlndiabyM【alnight
etal.(2019,P.72)suggeststhatpurposeisadriveroforganizationalgrowth(alongwith
creatingnew markets,servingbroaderstakeholderneeds,and“changingtherulesofthe
gam ).PurPoseisnotjustadecorativestatement;itcangeneratesustainedProfi
table
gro~砿h.They note(p.77)that“acompellingpurPoseclari賃es whatacompanystands
云or,Providesanimpetus化)raction,andisaspirationaL
”
ForMalnightetal.(2019),purposeP1aystwostrategicroles-bothpotentialdriversof
change.Thefirstroleisだα所用′?gz庇 〆のけ胆力〆α.lnsteadofcomPeting危rashareofa
defined market,high-groWthcomPanies,guidedbytheirpurpose,look化)rother,broader
marketopportunities.Malnightetal.(2019,P.74)citethecontrastbetweenNestlePurina
Petcare,theleadingcompanyinNorthAI1nerica,andハイ【arsPetcare,thegloballeaderin
t
his
sector.The purposeofPurinais“betterwithPets.
” Petcare’spurposeis“a better
world化)rpets.
“Purinahascontinuedto化)cusonpetfbods.ButM[arsPetcarehasdiveF
sifiedinto
pethealth,byinvestingin veterinaryservices,andisnow thelargestand
魚stest‐growingbusinessdivisionin凸darslncorPorated.Thischange workedbecausethe
trans免rmation wasconsistentwiththecompany
’scorepurpose.
Find on 質o明記のe,
”ChobaniCEO HamdiU1ukaya on how businessescanstep upforrefugees“(2019,
7minutes).
180
Chapter6
月′′poseα〃α巧s′o′7
Thesecondroleisrどぶ方αP!′7g 豹el’α/”eProP餌!Zわ′7.VVhencomPetitionerodes margins,
mostorganizationslook食)rinnovativenew Products,services,andbusiness models,This
can generate
short‐term gains,butthese
arelimitedbyeXisting market
structures-the
“ecosystem”ーin
which
an
organization
operates, A purpose‐driven aPProach helpsthe
organizationgrowintonewecosystems.Malnightetal.(2019)suggestthattherearethree
waysinwhichthisgrowth canhaPPen,byresPondingtotrends,buildingontrust,and
“化)cusingonPainpoints
“:
1,人影sPo′74″7grorだ′7ぬ,SecuritasAB,aSwedishsecuritycompany,o爺eredatraditional
securityguard service,Thechanging natureofrisk,risinglaborcosts,and cheaper
technology,however,encouragedthe comPanytostartusing electronic
securitysys-
tems,o爺ering enhanced protection usingremotesurveillance,withdigitalrePorting.
Goingbeyondreactive
security,in
2018
the
companystartedto
develop predictive
securitysystems,whichcontinuedtobuildontheircorepurPose,withstrongerclient
relationsandhighermargins,
2,β駆艦!′7gの7勿‘立Togrowsalesofvehiclefinancmginlargelyuninsuredruralmarkets,
Mahindra Financehadtobuildtrustwithnew customers.Thisinvolved determining
thecreditworthinessofPoor,initeratecustomers,whohadnobankaccountsorcollat-
eral.Thisalso meantsettingup branchesinnewlocationsandrecruiting
employees
whocouldsPeaklocaldialectsand work ontheirowninitiative.Thecompany
also
hadtoredesignloans,customeraPprovals,andrePaymentterms,and organizecash
rePayments, Havingbuilttrustwiththosecustomers, MahindrastartedtosenequiP‐
ment,li篤,andhealthinsuranceto 態rmers,in a marketwhereinsurancePenetration
isbelow4Percent.Thisexpansion wasdrivenbythecompanゾspurpose,whichisto
improve
customers’lives,caPturedbythe word
”Rise.
“ Thechiefexecutive,Anand
Mahindrahopesthatthe
company
’s purpose “willinspire
employees
to acceptno
limits,thinkalternatively,anddrivepositivechangげ(Malnight,2019,P,75).
3. 凡α〃sZ′7g の7Pの′7POZ′?な.lnsearchofother waysto“create abetterworldfbrpets,
“
M【ars Petcare hasdeveloped waysofdiagnosingandPreventingPethealthproblems.
TheyboughtacomPanythatmadesmartco11ars云oractivity monitoringand1ocation
trac亙ng Fitbitあrdogs
”),Combiningdataanal賃ics,machinelearning,andveterinary
expertise,thisapproachidentineschangesinbehaviorthatcouldidentiルhealthprob-
1ems,1eadingtoear1ytreatment.
Malnightetal.(2019,p.77)suggestthattherearetwoapProachestodefiningcorPo‐
ratepurpose:
・ Arどかoこめec館形aPProachhasaninternal化)cusandisbasedontheorganization
’scur
rent
reason長)rbeing,basedonitspasthistory,
“VVherehavewecome丘om?Howdid
we
gethere?”
o
A 〃〆。sped/yeaPproachtakesan externalperspectiveandredefinestheorganization
’s
purPosebyloo超LngForward.
“VVhichtrendsal爺ectourbusiness?VVhatnew oPportuni‐
tieslieahead?”
TheyidentifythreebeneEitstotheorganizationofclarifyingandcommunicatingpur‐
pose,F立st,aclearpurPosecanunifytheorganizationandheIPsta甘tounderstandthe
directionthattheorganizationista]hng.Second,purposeismotivating.Asalreadynoted,
ChaPter6
Pz〃P卵ed′7d鋒sわ′7
181
e]ぽIp1oyeesingeneral,andム4i1lennialsinparticular,expecttheir worktoContributetoa
highercause-apurpose-whichcanalsoincreasethetrustthatcustomers,suppliers,and
otherstakeholdersplacein
theorganization.
Third,clarityofpurposecanhaveasignif
icanti・ローpactonorganizationalchangeandperlt)rl・lance.
Researchbythe managementconsultingfirm Deloitte(0’Brienetal.,2019,pp.7-8)
suggeststhatpurpose‐drivencompanieshave:
strongergainsin marketshare
higherproductivityandgroMhrates
a moresatisfied work云orce
highercustomersatislaction
30percenthigherlevelsofinnovationthantheircompetitors
40percenthigherlevelsofemployeeretentionthantheircompetitors
ln2019,ourconsumersurveyshowedthatprice
and
quaーity
remain
the biggestfactors
drivin9
customerdecisions,However,manyofthesame
respondents(55
percent) believe
businesses
today
have
a
greater
responsibi1ity
to
act
on
issues
relatedtotheirpurpose.Thosefai-ingto
dosoriskbeingdisp-acedbypurpose‐drivendis-
ruptors.Forexamp-e,Uni-ever’s28“sustainable
living“brands(i.e.,brandsfocusedonreducin9
Unilever’senvironmenta-footprintandincreaslng
socialimpact)suchasDove,Vaseline,andLipton
delivered
75
percentofthe
company’sgrowth
andgrew69percentfasteronavera9ethanthe
restofitsbusinessesin2018(comparedto46per‐
centin2017).Soap,petroleumjelly,andteaare
eve~dayhousehoーdessentials,butbypromoting
sustainabーeliving,theseproductsbecamedi什er-
entiatedastheyembodythecompany’spurpose.
(びBrieneta-り2019,p,8)
The Language of Mission Statements
Thelanguagethatanorganizationusestocommunicateitspurposeormissioncana節ect
employeecommitmentandperlt)rmance.Butaswehavediscussed, manyorganizations
use mission statementsthatuse abstract,conceptualterms. Murphy and C1ark(2016)
notethatorganizationstendtousethesamecorporate‐speak:
“striving貴)rexcellence”or
”deliveringcutting‐edgeservicesinaglobalmarketplace.
“Theyciteabankwhose mission
stateinentreads:
ThemissionofPeoP1e’sCommunityBankistobethePre発rredindePendentcommunity
bankwhich meetsandexceedstheexpectationsofourcustomersandcommunities,bypro‐
vidingexcellentcustomerservice,productsandvalue,whilemaximizingshareholderreturn,
alongwith maintainingthewell‐beingandsatisfactionofouremployees.
Find
on
OU力ube,
”Putpurpose
atthe
coreofstrategy.一interview with
IMD ProfessorThomas
Malnighで
(2019,3minutes).
182
chapter6
P乙″poseの7d““。〃
TABLE
6.2
TheLanguageof工Mission
statements
StatementsUsinglmagery
StatementsUsingAbstractions
下oPutjoyinkidgheartsandasmileonParentざfaces
下obetheWorldleaderin,=
下odetectaPreviouslyundetectabletumorinsidea
下obetherecognizedPerformanceleaderin.“
humanlungbyaskingaPatienttobreatheintoa
下obethemosttrustedProviderof.”
deviceーikeours
下obea-ead-ngcomPanydeliveringimProved
下o makePeoP1e-augh shareholderValue
下。ensurethesecurityandfreedomofournation
from
createabettereverydaylifeformanyPeOP1e
underseatoouterspace,andincybersPace
下ocreatelong-termValueforCustomers,
W′ebelieveinlongCandlelitbaths,fillingtheworld
shareho-ders,emP-oyees
withPerfume
下ocreateabetterfutureeVeryday
Acomputeroneverydeskandinevery
home
Fora missionstatementtoencourageas方αredsenseofPurPose,ithasto useViVid
concreteimagerythatpeoplecanvisualizeandinterpretinthesameway,Theycitethe
missionstatementofa manu魚cturerofwearableroboticprostheticdevices:
0neday,ourrobotice×oskeletonswillbeaviableandaccessibleoPtion食)rthemー日lionsof
wheelchairuserswhowanttheoptiontostandupandwalk.
Table6.2showsexamplesofrealcompany missionstatements,usingconcreteimagery
andabstractions・V▽hichwillbemoree”当ectiveincreatingasharedsenseoftheorgani-
zation’spurpose?
Theevidencesuggeststhatmanycompaniesignorethisadvice,lntheirannualreview
ofcorporategovernance,theUKFinanciaIReportingCouncil(2020,p.9)concludedthat:
Too manycomーPaniessubstitutedwhataPPearedtobeasloganormarketingline文)rtheir
purposeorrestrictedittoachievingshareholderreturnsandprofit,Reportinginthese
wayssuggeststhatmanycompanieshavenotFullyconsideredpurposeanditsimportance
inrelationtocultureandstrategy,norhavetheysun「icientlyconsideredtheviewsofstake-
holdersintheifPurposestatements.Thebestreportingdescribedpurposebyconsider無git
alongsidecultureandstrategyinawaythatdemonstratedthecompanyhadthoughtab
out
purposeel”Fectively.
Gabrie=eBosche(2019)offersthefollowingexam‐
plesof“best“and”worst”missionstatementsfrom
leadingAmericanorganizations,Doyouagreewith
herassessment,ornot?W′hy?
the Best
AmaZ0n 下obeEarth’smostcustomer‐centric
company,
where
customers
can
find
and discover
anything
they
mightwantto
buyonline,and
en-
deavorsto
offerits
customersthe
lowestpossibleprices
下obecomethenumberlfashiondes-
tinationfor20‐somethingsglobally
下oimproveourcustomers’financial
lives
so
profound1y,they
couldn’t
imaginegoingbacktotheoldway
Chapter6
乃″poseの7dの嗣o′7
183
VVho1e
Foods
い′almart
American
RedCross
Southw「est
下heML{orsr
Disney
ourdeepestPurposeasanorgan1-
zationishelpingsupportthehealth,
well‐being, and healing
of
both
People一一customers, Team
Men・-
bers,andbusinessorganizationsin
general--andtheP1anet
VVesavepeoplemoneysotheycan
livebetter
下o
preVent
and
alleViate
human
sufferinginthefaceofemergencies
by mobi-izingthe
Powerofvo1un-
teersandthegenerosityofdonors
下oprovideauthentichosPitalityby
makingadifference
intheーivesof
thepeoplewetoucheveryday
下o
be
one
ofthe world’s
leadin9
Producers
and
providers
ofenter-
tainmentandinformation,usingits
Portfo-io
ofbrandstodifferentiate
itscontent,servicesandconsumer
Products
下obeacompanythatinspiresand
fulfiーlsyourcuriosity
Shapethefutureofthelnternetby
creating
unPrecedentedvalueand
oPPortunityforourcustomers,em‐
P1oyees,investors,and
ecosystem
Partners
The
Home
Depot
is
in
the
home
imProvementbusinessandourgoal
is
to
provide
the highest
level
of
service,the
broadestselection
of
ProductsandthemostcomPetitive
Prーces
下ocoーlect,Preserve,study,exhibit,
andstimulateapPreciationforand
advanceknowーedgeofworksofart
that
collectively represent
the
broadest spectrum
of
human
achievementatthehighestーevelof
quality,allintheserviceofthePub‐
licandinaccordancewiththehigh-
estprofessionalstandards
Home
Depot
*MuseumofModemArt,New ork.
璽璽璽劇Vision: W′here Are 凶′e Going?
Creatinga
unifyingvisionforanorganizationis
afundamenta-
skillforleaders.Asimple,bold,
inspirational
vision
can
feelalmost
magical:it
bringsPeoP1ethroughoutthecompanytogether
around
a
common
goaland
Provides
a
focaI
Point
for
developing
strategies
to achieve
a
betterfuture.(AshkenasandManville,2019,P,2)
The
evidence
Suggeststhate鎖ectivevIS1on
StatementS
have positive conSequenceS,but
what makesvisions“visionary
’iSnotclear.SomecommentatorsFocusontheContentof
vlslon
Statements. others
explorethecontextin which visionS
are used. Theroles
of
leadersinarticulatingv・SI。ns,andtheprocessbywhichvisionsaredeveloped,havealso
attractedattention.Here,wewillconsiderthecontentofvisions,includingtheirStyleand
otherattributeS.
Vision Attributes
Table6.3ShowsseveraldefinitionSoforganizati。nalvision.Aswediscussedearlier,most
ofthesedefinitionsre篤rtoafutureortoanidealtowhichorganizati。nalchangeShould
184
Chapter6
P”′posed′?〆“s′o′7
Definitions Sources
A1eade sstatementofadesired,long‐term
future
Kirkpatrick(2017,p‘87)
stateforanorganization
ーmageofan”idealfuturerltisaspirationaland
HainesetaL(2005,p.139)
idealistic,aguidingStarWithdreamlikequalities
Apictureofthefutureofourorganization
Austeretal.(2005,p,50)
Adetaileddescriptionofadesiredfuturethat
BelgardandRayner(2004,p.竹6)
providesclarityastohowtheorganizationw川
needtooperatedifferentlyinordertomeetthe
changingconditionsofitsmarkets,customers,
andovera=businessenvironment
TABLE
6.3
Vision
Definitions
bedirected.ThevisionitselfisPresentedasaPictureorimagethatservesasaguideto
that位ture.VisionscanthusbeinsPiring,motivational,emotional,oranalytical,dePending
on whosedefinitionweareus・ng.
Definitionsdonotnecessari1yhe1Ptodeterminetheactua1contentofvisionsモqmber1y
Boaland RobertHooりberg(2ml)arguethatvisionshavetwocomPonents:
・ Cogmmノg(intellectual),Basedonin危rmationandexPressesoutcomesand howthese
willbeachieved
o
A脈emve(emotional).APPealstovaluesandbelie危,andthusunderpinsthe motivation
andcommitmentthatarekeytoimP1ementation
Table6,4summarizestheviewsofcommentatorsonthecomPonentsofan e鎖ective
vlslon. Mostcommentarypointstosimilarattributes,suggestingthatvisionsshouldbe
asPilational,clear,desirable,distinctive,easyto
communicate, 免asible, neぬble,future-
focused,insPiring, meaningful, memorable,and motivating,allditshouldrecognizethe
problems魚cingtheorganization,
Tobe motivating,a v・slon mayneed another,counter
intuitive
comPonent, Change
managersareo代enadvisedto makeclearhowbadthingsareandemPhasizetheurgency
ofchange,Thisis“burningP1atlbrm”theory,in whichabreakwiththePastpromisesa
brightnew future. This
soundslogical
and Positive.ButpeoP1e
also value
coherence,
consistency,andcontinuity.Visionsthato爺ertobreakwiththePast maybethreatening
anddiscouragesuPPort.Venusetal.(2019)arguethatPeoplearelikelytoresistchanges
thattheyseeasthreateningtothe立senseoforganizationalcontinuity.Visionsthato都er
m司orchanges,howeverexcitingandinnovative,canbedemotivating.Sohowcanchange
managers motivatewithvision?TheansweristhatavisionthatPromotescontinuityas
wellaschangewillreduceuncertaintyandreduceresistance.Venusetal.(2019,p.684)
exP1oretheimP1ications云orchange managementPracticeinthe量)1lowingterms:
UnlikeengaginginstrategiessuchascreatingadissatislactionWiththestatusquo,and
consequently,aneed化)rchange,andPortrayingchangeashighlyattractive,managers
oughttoemphasizea1sothatWhichisnotgoingtochange.lfunWi1lingnesstocontribute
tochangeisrootedinconcernsaboutaPotentialdiscontinuityofthecentralaspectsof
theorganizationalidentity,then managersoughttoassureemployeesthatthiswillnotbe
chapter6
Pmposeの74〆お′の7
185
TABLE6.4
characteristics AdvocateS
The
Characteristics
Providesaclearsenseofcontinuityoforganizationalidentity
Venusetal.(2019)
ofEf絶ctive
UsesimagebasedrhetorictopaintaconcretePictureof
CartonandLucas(2018)
M7げd.Providesastriking mentaーimageofthefuture
′nsp′“ng,CaPturestheheart,andengagesPeoPーeto
committoaca
use
Th・-・V,・lu・二・ofEffごctiv(.Vi~ion~
186
Cha er6
Pz′′Posed′7d“s′○′7
Cartonand Lucas(2018)notethatwhen wethinkaboutthefUture,wetendtothink
inabstractterms.Senior managers maybeadvisedtothinkinthisway when creating
theirorganization
’svision,whichoftenturnsouttobesomethinglike“aiming危rexcel…
lence,
”‘‘changethe world,
”or”servethecommunity,
”Visionslikethesearevague;there
aretoomanydi爺erentinterPretations,However,thismeansthattheyarenottruly
“vision-
ary.
”Tmshappensbecause,when wethinkabouthow wearegoingtouselanguage,we
activate 豹e′72gαm″gわαsedsysrの鶴 whichhandlesabstractconcePtssuch as”bettercus-
tomerservice.
’’The meaning-basedsystem relieson abstractrhetoric.
Theuseofabstractrhetoricleadsto whatCartonalldLucascall“blurryvisionbias.
”
Thisisbasedinparton how wethinkaboutthefuture,Asithasnothappenedyet,we
cannotsee or 危elit,so wetendtorely on an abstractunderstandingofwhatitwill
mean:providingexcellentcustomerservice.Carton and Lucasarguethatthistendency
isparticularly markedinthose who are mostlikelytoberesponsiblefbてcraftingthe
organization
’svision-seniormanagers-becausethoseinpositionsofpowertendtothink
i
n broad,abstracttermsabouttheorganization
’sstrategy.
lncontrast,豹eexz7erZe〃ce‐る鯛ed球櫛e〃?Processessensoryin恥rmationabouttheworld
andanowsustoi1naginerea1-1if℃experiencessuchas“seeingcustomerssIni1eastheyeat
inourrestaurants.
“Thissystem usesimagebasedrhetoric-languagethatdepictso輔ects
(cars),actions(driving),andevents(landingonthe moon).lmagebasedrhetoric also
engagestheemotions,ismorememorable,andisthere]R)remoremotivating,andislikely
toencourageaction:
N1eetjngaPersonwhobenefits丘om one’sheIPismoremotivatingthanreadingaboutit;
seeingonePersondieuPclosea爺ectsmoraljudgmentmorethandoesdroppingabombon
thousands丑om adistance;andobservingameasuringcuPcontainingtheamountofsugar
inonesodadetersso代drinkconsumPtion morethanreadingaboutcaloriccontent.Astory
ofasmglehungryChildelicitedmoreCharitablegivmgcomParedtostatisticsaboutthousands
ofstarvingvillagers,andPeopleweremorelikelytoquitsmo糧山gwhentheyreadabout
howtheirhabitCausedPeoP1eto“reelbackindisgustfromthesmoker’sPutridodor”than
whentheyreadaboutitsadversehealthe爺ects.(CartonandLucas,2018,P.2108)
B1urryvisionbiashappensbecause managersrely moreheavilyonthe meaning‐based
system intheir
choice
oflanguage.This
can be
overcomebyrelying
instead
on the
experience-basedsystem andimage-basedrhetoric,Thelatterdescribeshowtheworldwill
look,sound,and 篤elwhentheorganization
’svisionisachieved,H[owever,thisinvolves
morethan
asi.訂ーP1e
changeinthe
choiceoflanguagein Whichto
expressthe vision.
Carton and Lucasarguethat,ifyou don’thaveaconcreteimagein mind,you aresti且
likelytoendup withabstractblurryvisionbias.
Toovercomeblurryvisionbias,CartonandLucas(2018,P.2107)suggestthedeliberate
useofthetechniqueofre“zpoメメ メのed/o′?,which means:
mentallyPrqiectingoneselftoamomentinthedistantfuture,akinto mentaltimetravel-
thattargetstheexperience‐basedsystemratherthanthemeaning‐basedsystem.Rather
thanContemP1atethedistantfutureabstractly,thistacticimPelsleaderstoimaginethe
futureinvividdetail,asiftheyaredirectlyobservingafuturescenariothroughfiロsthand
observation.ByvividlydePictinganeventoroutcomethatanorganizationCanoneday
realize,image‐basedrhetoricreflectsthenotionthatavisionisa”Portrait”ofanideal
短tureandunderscorestheveryessenceoftheword“visioが-theabilitytosee,(Carton
andLucas,2018,P,2107)
Chapter6
P”ゆoseの可 巧sわ〃
187
11laseriesofexperiments,CartonandLucas化’undthatseniormanagerswhoimagined
whatitwouldbeliketoseetheirorganizationsachievetheirvisiononedayinthe uture
developedvisionswithgreaterimagery,withoutweakeningotheraspectssuchasachiev‐
ability,speci賃city,andvalues,
c0nSiderthefollowingSampleofViSi0nStatementS.
VVith
referencetothe
criteria
shown
in
table
6.4,
which ofthesestatementsarein yourjudgment
effective,and whicharenot?BasedontheirVision
statements,forwhichofthesecompanieswould
you
wanttowork?VVhosevls-onswouldturnyouaway?
VVhy?
How
do
you
explainyour
preferences
and
diS1ikesWithregardtothesevisions?
A′「bnb
APP/e
COC0‐Co/o
Belonganywhere.
VVebelievethatweareontheface
oftheearthtomakegreatproducts
andtharsnotchanging.
VVe
bring
the world’sbreathtaking
diversityintocinematicfocus,tell-
ing
stories
thatare
revealing
and
lnsplrーng.
lnspiringeachothertobethebest
we
can
be
by providing
a
great
p-acetowork.
下o
be
one
of
the World’s
leading
producers
and
providers
ofenter-
tainmentandinformation.
ourvisionforcommerceisonethat
is
enabled
bypeop-e,powered
by
techno-ogy,andopentoeveryone.
下o
provide
access
to
the World’s
informationinoneclick.
Srorbucks
しMQ′mqrr
Becomingthebestglobalentertain-
mentdistributionservice.Licenslng
entertainment
content
around
the
wor-d,creating markets
that
are
accessibletofi-m makersandhelp-
ing
content
creators
around
the
worldtofindag-obalaudience.
下obring
inspirationand
innovation
toeveryathleteintheworld.
VVe
envlslon
a cultural
platform
where
professionaー creators
can
breakfree
oftheir
medium’s
con-
straints
and where
everyone
can
enjoyanimmersiveartisticexper--
encethatenablesustoempathize
witheachotherandtofeelpartofa
greaterwhole,
下oestablishStarbucksasthepre-
mierpurveyorofthefinestcoffee
inthe world While maintainingour
uncompromlslng principles
While
wegrow.
Bethedestinationforcustomersto
save
money,no matter
how
they
Wanttoshop.
From MissionStatementAcademy.2019.https://
mission‐statement.com.
Vision and MarketStrategy
Somecommentatorsarguethat,tocreatecompetitiveadvantage,anorganization
’svision
andstrategy mustbeunconventional,perhaps
even counterintuitive,and mustalso be
distinct丘omthoseofothercomPanies.Visionshavebothe×ternalandinternaldimen-
sions.Theexternaldimensionconcernshow marketswork,whatdrivescustomers,com‐
petitors,industrydynamics,and macroeconomictrends.Aswesawinchapter5,thetoy
manu魚cturingco]mPany M【atteltraditionallyregardeditscorebusinessassellingtoysthat
were madeinitsown 危ctories.Fallingsalesandthebehaviorofcompetitors,however,
encouragedM[atteltooutsourceproductionanddevelopintoamediabusiness.Mattelhas
188
chapter6
P”′poseの7dyお′。〃
h
‐adtodeVe1opneWinterna1capabi1itiestorea1iZethisnew VISIon,Customerscanexpect
tosee moviesbasedolIM[attelbrandssuchasBarbie,HotVVheels,AI1nericanGirl,M[agic
8‐Ball,and MaiorMattMasonappearoncinemascreensinthe2020s(Lashinsky,2019),
Having a weローspecifiedexternalvisionhelpstoidentifyhowthecompany willgrow
andcompete.onlythencanallinternalvisionbedeveloped,pointingtothecapabilities
thatneedtobeacquiredtocompete,andalsoto whattheorganizationseekstobecome,
Externalandinternaldimensionsofthevisionthushavetobealigned,
WithanarratiVeorSto~thatdearlyanicuーateSthe
“bigpicture“--whychangeisimponantandhowit
wilー
positivelyaffectthe
organization
ーong‐term.
Thisshouldse~easthefoundationforhowyou
communicateaboutthechangemovingforward.
(Galbraith,2018,p.3)
lnspirepeoplebypresentingacompe-lingvlsーon
forthefuture.Duringtimesofuncertainty,peopーe
experiencingchangeWantaclearviewofthepath
ahead.lt’s
importantto
share Whatyou
know--
includingwhat’schanging,When,andhow.Butfor
mostchangeinitiatives,itisalso
he-pfultostart
鱈圏璽霞圏璽
How VisionsAre Developed
How arevlslonsdeveloped?v▽ewillconsiderthreeanswerstothisquestion,exploring
approachesto”cra賃ing
’’avision,thekindsofquestionsthatcanhelptodevelopavision,
andconnectingthevisiontotheorganization
’s”innervoice.
Craftingthe Vision
LawrenceHolppand MichaeIKelly(1988,p.48)arguethatcra賃ingavisionis“alittle
likedancingwitha500‐poundgorilla.lttakesalittlewhileto getthesteps down,but
oncethedanceisover,youk‐ロowyou
’vereallyaccomーplishedsomething.
” Therearedif
免rentapProaches(ordances)tocra賃ing orcreating a vision,andsomeofthese are
outlinedintable6.5(basedon aconceptsimilartothe“leadershipstylescontinuum,
”
discussedinchapterlo,tablelo.7),
TABLE6.5
Approach
漁′hat-tMeans
Used汎′hen
APProachesto
下eー.
Chiefexecut-vecreatesthevーs1on lnvolvementisnotseenasVision‐Crafting
important,
andgivesittostaff.
SeH
Chiefexecutivehasavisionthathe
Chiefexecutiveisattractedtothe
orshewantsstafftoaccept,
vlslonandwantsotherstoadoptit.
下est
Chiefexecutiveseeksfeedbackon
Chiefexecutivewantstoseewhich
ideasaboutavision,
aspectsofthevisionfindsupport,
Consult
ChiefexecutiVeseeksthe
creative
Chiefexecutiveneedshelpto
inputofstaff,Withinsetparameters,
developtheVision.
Co‐create
Chiefexecutiveandstaffcreatea
Chiefexecutivewantstoidentify
sharedvision.
sharedvisionsthroughoutthe
organization,
Chapter6
Aノ′poseの7d““o′7
189
TABLE6.6
Deetzeta-.(2ooo)
Davidson(2004)
BelgardandRayner(2004)
Guidelines節r
structuri加ーgthe
1
Useaqualifiedfacilitato[
Developtrialvision
Leadershipteamdefines
VisionProcess:
statements.
thetimeーine.
produced.
6
Takeactionquicklyto
{
Getfeedbackfrom
across
capitalizeonenthusiasm;
theorganization.
19O
ChaPter6
P”′Pose”′〆 “s′○′7
newfrontlineteam visionthatcan‐be“cascadeduP
“throughtheorganization,Ashkenas
and Manville(2019,P.3)alsonote,
”Eachofthese[modesofinvolvementinvision‐cra食-
ing] can ProPelyour Pro危ssionaldeveloPment,leadingto biggerresPonsibilitiesover
time.
“Aninclusiveapproachtovision‐cra]Ringcanhelptoensure”ownership
“oftheend
result.Atesetal,(2019)arguethatthepotentiallypositiveimpactofvisionaryleadership
canbelostwhen middle managersarenotalignedwiththetop managementvisionand
thatthislackofalignmentcancausestrategicchangee鯨ortstobreakdownor魚il.
Askingthe Right Questions
Discussionofdifferentdegreesofinvo1vementinthe deve1op]mentofan organization
,s
visiondonotd口ectlyaddressthequestionofhowtodevelopthesubstance
ofthevision
itself,Holppand Ke且y(1988)identi肯threedi爺erentapproachesandsetsofquestions
throughwhichvision maybedeveloped,Theylabeltheseapproaches溺れ‘!Z!ve,αm卿Zcq/,
andわe′に左mqr幻刀g.
TheZ′7れ腐れ′eapproachreliesontheuseofimaginationandimagerytoencouragesta茸
toparticipateinvision development, Managersareaskedtoimaginedoingthei1jobsin
sucha waythattheyreallyachieve whatthey wantfrom themselvesand 丘omtheother
peoplewithwhomthey work:
First,theyareaskedtolistuptotenthingsthattheywanttoachievepersonallyand
Pro定ssionally,andthentoprioritizethese,恥cusingonthetoptwoorthree.
Second,they化)cusontheircurrentsituationasawaytoidentifythetension
between
theircurrentlivede×periencesandtheirdesiredimage.
Third,theyareprovidedwithsupporttohelpidentiル andimplementstructuredaction
plansto worktowardachievingtheirvision,
Them7のノ加須approachseesvlslonsasde6‐nedinrelationtoorganizationalordepart‐
mentalmissionsandroles.Visionisthusrelatedtopurposeand化)cusesonthe賃)1lowing
questions:
▽vhoisservedbytheorgani
zation?
VVhatdoestheorganizationdo?
Vvheredoestheorganizationplace mostofitse”ヨorts?
VVhydoestheorganization食)cusonparticularworkandgoals?
How doestheorganization operationalizetheseeがorts?
Theaim ofthese questionsistoguidethe organization as
a Whole,and 加ーdividual
departments,丘omthecurrentsituationtoadesiredfuturestate,
Theらのに初?mr殻′ばapproachbasesthevisionontheactionsandstandardsoftheorga-
nization’stoughestcompetitors.Thisinvolvesasldng:
・ ▽vhatdoourcompetitorsdowen?
・ Howcanwesurpassthis?
・ VVhatquantitativeandqualitative measureswouldindicatethatwehadachievedthis?
・ VVhatwillitbelike,andhow willit発el,whenthosestandardshavebeenachieved?
chapter6
Pmposeq〃d“sわ″ 19・
ThebenchmarldLngaPProachismoree×ternally 化)cused,ComPared withtheintuitive
andanalyticalapproaches,whichhaveaninternal危cus.HerearesomeoftheProblems
withtheseapproaches:
・ TheintuitiveaPProach,which賞)1lowsan organization developmentPersPective,may
producePersonalvisionsthatarenotconnectedtothecorebusinessoftheorganiza-
tionandtocurrentoranticipatedindustrytrends.
・ TheanalyticalaPProachservesmoretoalignthevisiontothe missionoftheorgani‐
zationbutPayslessattentiontothevaluesandguidinglogicsoftheorganization.By
aligningtootightlywithmission,theanalyticalapproach mayneglecttheinspirational
elementofvisions.
・ ThebenchmarldLngapproach assumesthattheorganization’s 範turewillbelinkedto
currentcompetitors.However,itmaybe morevaluabletoidenti趣 whowillbethenew
competitorsinthefuture,esPecially where an organization and asectorare 魚cing
translt)rmationalchange.
“Bread and Salt’’:Connectingtothe organization’s”lnnerVbice”
RobertQuinn(1996,p.197)makesaninterestingcontributiontotheProcessofidenti‐
6〆ingchangevlslons.Hepoints outthat,in manyorganizations,people wantto kllow
whatthevisionisandlooktothechiefexecutiveto provideit.Parado樽ically,however,
wherevlslonstatementsareavailable,suchasoncorporatebusinesscards,thesearelikely
toberf考ectedasbeingin nameonly;theyarenotwhatpeopleare“winingtodie化)r.
“
Hearguesthatdevelopinga vision to guide
organizationalactions hasto gobeyond
suPer賃cialstatementsand”Con杜ontthelackofintegritythateXistsinthesystem,
“an
exercise化)rwhich発w managersarewellequipped.
Toillustratethisview,hetellsthestoryofasPeech givenbyハイ【ahatmaGandhiata
politicalconventioninlndia.VVhenherosetosPeak,manyintheaudiencealsorose,le貴
theirseats,andPaidlittleattentionto him. However,ashespoke about whatlndians
reallycaredabout--notpolitics,butbreadandsalt-theaudiencesatdownagainandlis‐
tened.His message wasunusual:”Thissmall,unassuming manhadjourneyedthrough
theirheartland and capturedtheessenceoflndia.He wasvocalizingitin a waythey
could角elandunderstand.Sucharticulationisoftenattheheartofradical,deepchange
”
(Quinn,1996,p,199).ForQuinn,itisthisabilityto賃ndtheorganizatiods“breadand
salt“that makesav・slon appealing,passionate,andbeyondthesuperficial.Thissearch
貴)rthe”innervoice’oftheorganizationisnecessary,todevelopvlslonsthatresonateand
narrowthegap between“talkand walk.
”Such“bread‐and-salt”visionsareachievedina
circular mannerinvolvingabottom-uPandtop‐downdialoguetoreachthe“innervoice“
oftheorganization.
Adoptingasimilarposition,Rogers(2007,p.229)maintainsthat“visionisasmuch
aboutinsightas昼lrsight.
“Visionsneedto connectwithPeoP1e
’sdesires, 花elings,and
ambitions,as we1.aswiththeorganization’sintentions. Resonating withthe 勿云e′preだr
imageofchange management,thisimpliesthatvisionsareimPortantinencouragingthe
membersofan organizationto develop andexP1ore
”neW waysofseeing,
“togain 丑esh
insights,makenew connections,andtobebetterpreparedto work withthechallenges
thatanew visionislikelytobring,
192
Chapter6
ル′′poseの7d”なめ〃
国璽園 W′hy VisionSFaiI
Visionscan鏡ilあranumberofreasons.Forexample,thiscanhappenwhenavlslon‐ls:
7
bo 切に前c.Failsto appreciatetheinabilityto controlchange,andthe degreeof
uncertaintyo貴enassociatedWithoutcomes
7ZOOCのれ【フ定工,Difficulttounderstand
7bo mg”e,FailstoactasalandmarktowardWhichchangeactionsaredirected
ヱねαdeの!のe‘onlypartiallyaddressesthepresentingproblem
・ “.だ/eyの”,C1earpicture,notfirmlyattachedtothe
business
. β/・z″red.NoclearPictureoftheFuture
. 防7reのZSZZC.PerceivedasnotachieVab1e
・ Areαrl′Zew 〃7Zrroz PicturesthePast,extraPolatedintothefuture
l
loddJick(2001,p.36)addsthatavisionislikelyto態ilwhenleaderssPend9opercent
oftheirtimearticulatingit(butnotnecessarilyinclearlyunderstoodterms)andonly
lopercentoftheirtimeimplementingit.Table6,7
suggests otherreasons whyvisions
鏡il.Thebox”ALackofSharedVision“tellsashortstoryabouttheabsenceofashared
vision.Vi′ewillnowconsidertwofurtherreasons食)rvision魚ilure:inabilitytoadaptover
time,andthePresenceofcompetingvlslons.
ThechiefexecutiveofProcter&Gamble(P&G),A1an
Lafley,is
reflecting
on
his
five
years
ofleading
change
insidethe
company.one
ofhis
key
com-
mentsisthathefounditimportanttoprovidemore
thanjusta
brieflystated vision,because people
respondedbettertospecifics:
Soifl’dstoppedat”VVe’regoingtorefocusonthe
company’scorebusinesses,
“thatwouldn’thave
beengoodenough.Thecorebusinessesareone,
two,three,four.Fabriccare,babycare,feminine
care,andhaircare.Andthenyougetquestions:
”VVell,1
’minhomecare.lsthatacorebusiness?”
“No.
””VVhatdoesithavetodotobecomeacore
business?“
”lt
has
to
be
a 9lobal
ーeader
in
its
Fai1ureto Adapt
SomevlslonsstandthetestoftimeandremainapplicableandadaPtableto new situa‐
tionsandenvironments.others,however,needtobeoverhauledtoremainrelevant,This
VVhydidthisextradetail
help?Forl‐afley,there
weretwofactors,onewasthesizeanddiversityof
thep&G workforce-100,00opeoplefromoverloo
cultures.Thesecondwasthat,formanagerswithso
muchgoingonintheirbusinesses,theproVIS-onof
moredetailontheimplicationsofthevisionhe-ped
themtofocusonwhatwasneededtoimplementit
(GuptaandWendler,2005,p.3),
industry,lthasto
havethe
beststructural
eco‐
nomics
in
its
industry.1thasto
beab-etogrow
consistentlyatacertainrate.lthastobeableto
deliveracertaincashflowreturnoninvestment.
”
So
then
business
leaders understand
what
it
takestobecomeacorebusiness.
Chapter6
Pz”po肥α′7メ“s′0“
193
TABLE6.7
VVI1yVisionsFail
Source:Basedon
Lipton(1996,
pp.89‐91).
VisionsFai-VVhen...
Because.”
rhewo政′sd′”;erent存om
VVhenmanagersdonotmatchtheirwordswithactions,staff
でhero秋,
memberstreatthevisionasanemPtyslogan.
Theyoreそreoredosそれe
TheexPectationswiーlbeunreaーistic,andvisionsarenot
”わ0/ygro′!ぞ
magicsolutions.
丁力eyore打orConnecそedro
Visionsneedtorecognizecurrentobstaclesiftheyareto
t力epresenf.
bebelievableandseenasachievabーe・
Theyorefoodbsrrocもor
Visionsmustbeidealistic,reaーistic,andtangible.
rooco“Crere.
Deve/opmlentdoesnot
ltisoftentheprocessaswellasthefinalvisionthathelpsto
′nvo/veocreo”veProcess. securetheorganization’sfuture.
Port′cの0”on′s″m′red.
Consensusmustbebuiltaroundthevision,whichhastobe
diffusedthroughouttheorganization.
Peop/eoreco」mp/ocent.
Visionsthatareprojectedtoofarintothefuturearenot
seenasurgent.
JohnSymons{2006)teー-sthefollowin9humorous
story:
Themaninthehotairba”oonwaslost.Descend-
ing
sufficiently
he
shouted
to
a walker
on
the
groundaskingwherehewas,
“ouare30feetup
intheair,
“
was
herimmediateresponse
before
shewalkedaway.
Asked
subsequently
byacompanionto
e
plainthisunhelpfulbehaviorshesaid:”Hewasa
typicaーmanager,Hedidn’tknowwherehewas,or
howtogettowherehewantedtogowithoutthe
help
ofthose
underneath
him.
”Somewhat
mis-
chievouslyshe
added,●
”W′hyshou-d
l
do
more
than
necessary
to
help someone
who
got
to
wherehewasbyhotairanddidnotte=mewhere
hewasplanningtogo?”
ASJohnsymonscomments:
Sheobvious-ydidnotknoworsharetheballoon-
ist’svision,Thelessonformanagersiscーear.As
well
asenthusingthoseunderneath,theleader
needstocommunicatewhereheorsheisinrela‐
tionto
achievingthevision.
situation
is
illustrated
bytheinvestigation byL1oyd Harris
and Emmanuel
ogbonna
(1999)intotwo medium‐sized UK‐retailcompaniesandtheimpactofthe 危unders’
vlslonsonstrategicchange.lnbothcases,thecomーPany化’underestablishedthevision
wellover
looyearsagoandthere wasevidenceofanescalationofcommitmenttothe
visionbysubsequent management,ln onecompany,thevision waspaternalistic(com‐
mitmenttowardsta甘)and あcusedonprudentgromh.Thisledtoastrongあcusonsales
andprofitabilityineach new storelocation.Thesecharacteristics werestillpresentin
the
current management
ofthe
company. The vision
itself was
seen
as
fleゴロible
and
responsive
to
the
prevailing
environmental
conditions
花lcing the
comーpany, The
194
ChaPter6
A″Posed′7d粋瀞o′7
researcherslabelthe 危under’svisioninthiscaseasProvidinga“strategicdividenず 危r
subsequent management,
Bycontrast,intheothercompany,the 危under’svision wasto haveastoreinevery
towninaParticularregion,A second asPectofthisvisionconcerned 魚milycontrolof
the company,Theresearchers
arguethatthisoriginalvision continuedto drivesenlor
management.However,incontrasttothefi1stcomPany,thisvisionservedasa“strategic
hangover.
” The closed nature
ofthe visionledsuccessive managementteamsto
make
decisionsthatwereoutofstep withchangesintheenvironmentalconditions魚cingthe
sector,suchasthe movementoflargeretailstoresintotheregionandashi貴infocusof
such
storesfrom priceto
quality and
service, As
aresult,the
comPany almost 魚ced
financialruinontwoseparateoccasions,lnrelationtosubsequentstrategicchangeactions
takenbymanagementinthesetwocompanies,theauthorsarguethat“whethertheoriginaI
Vis・onofthe あunderresultsinalegacyorahangoverisclearlydependentontheoriginal
fle〆ibility ofthe strategy and the later environmental aPpropriateness
” (Harris and
ogbonna,1999,p.340),
Presence ofCompetin9 Visions
Visions mayalso 態ildueto what Kanteretal.(1992)call“visioncollisions,
” where
multiP1evisionsconf1ictwitheachother.Thishappens,おorexamp1e,whenthevisionis
cra貴edbystrategistswhoareconvincedoftheneed あrchange,butwherethissenseof
urgencyisnotsharedbythose who willimplementorbea節ectedbythechange(who
maystillbetryingtoembedpreviouschanges).Visioncollisionscan also occur Where
thereisagap betweenthevisionsofmanagementandstakeholders.lnthemid‐1980s,
thevisionofNike,thesportswearcompany,Wastomakeath1eticFootwear.However,the
companyあundthatadifferentmarketsegmentwasbuyingtheirshoes;notathletes,but
people
who
were wearing Nike
trainers
instead
ofcasual
shoes. Nikerespondedby
introducingitsownbrandofcasualshoes,This
strategy 魚iledbecause Nikehadnot
understoodthatcustomerswerebuyingexPensive
“overengineeredsneakers”becausethey
aPpealedtotheirimage,ln other words,thecomPany
’svision wasoutofstep withits
customers’visionofNike.M[ultipleandconflictingvisionscanalsoarisewithcompany
mergers. Colin Mitchell(2002),forexample,citesthe 魚ilurein2000 ofthe merger
between
Deutsche
Bank and DresdnerBank,lnthis
merger,there was
a “魚ilure
of
managementtopersuade Deutsche’sinvestmentbankersofthevision貴)rhowthenewly
mergedcomPany wouldcompete,△αanykeyemployeesleg〔,andthethreatofmasswalk
out賃)rced Deutschetoabandonthedeala賃erconsiderabledamagetothesharePrice
ofbothco・][・Panies”(p.104).
鯉圃瞳圃圏
Linking Visionto Change:Three DebateS
1nthissection,weexplorethreedebatesconcerningthe蹴lksbetweenvislonandorgani-
zationalchange.First,weaskifvisionisadriverofchange,orifvisionemergesthjFough
thechangeprocess,Second,weask whethervisionhelpsorhinderschange.Third,We
assesswhethervisionisbetterattributedtoheroic,charismaticleaders,orisbetterunder‐
stoodasanorganizationalattribute,
Chapter6
Pmp。肥 の7d”おめ″ 195
Debate one.‐Vision
during Change?
Driving Change orEmerging
Thechange managementaPProachesand貴÷ameworksdescribedinchaPterlogivevlslon
aprominentroleinunderpinningandimplementingorganizationalchange.
ForKanteretal.(1992),establishingavisionisthefirststeptowardchange. Without
avlslon,changes mayseem arbitraryand unnecessary.Vision providesclarityabout
thegoalsofchange,avoidingtheperceptionthatthisisjustanothercost‐cuttingexer
cise.Thevisioncan motivatesta賃toembracechange,engagingin whatmayseemto
bedauntingorriskyactions.
ForPendleburyetal.(1998),vision determinesthescoPe,depth,andtime 貢ame
ofchange,andtheareasthatwillbeanコected.Havingavlslonatthestartofchange
isneededforbothtrans免rmationalchange(outliningthebroaderstrategicintent
to whichallactionsaredirected)andincrementaloradaptivechange(wherethe
vlslon
can
be
more
specific
in
terms
of
specifying change
objectives
andvlslon
can
e more
specllc
ln
procedures).
Theneed orvision atthestartofchangeisalsoembeddedinthestrategylitera‐
ture,wherethetermsZFQ肥厚c/“定期iso賃en usedtorepresentvision.Thisisusually
associatedwiththeworkofGary HamelandC.K.Prahalad(1989,p.4),whoargue
that“strategicintentenvlslonsadesiredleadershipposition and establishesthecri‐
teriontheorganizationwillusetochartitsprogress,
“Theypointto Komatsu’s“Encir-
cle
Caterpillar
” and
Canon’s “Beat
Xerox” as
vlslonary
statements that
capture
strategicintent.Thestrategicintentbehindsuchstatementswaslongterm andencom‐
passedanumberofdifferentchangeprogramsandactionsovertheshortandmedium
termsthat weredesignedto worktowardthelonger‐term vlslon.Thestrategicintent
expressedthedesiredendresultwithoutspecifyingorprescribingthenecessarysteps
Forachievingit.
騎sわ〃Emergesd”“〃g C乃α〃ge
AJthoughimportant,itmaynotbepossibletoarticulateaclearvlslonatanearlystage
duringtransformationalordiscontinuouschange.Robertshaw(1995)arguesthatorga‐
nizationalstructuresand managementprocessesmayrequirefundamentalchange.ltmay
notbepossibletodeveloPavlslon untila貸ertheprocesshasbeguntoun範ldbecause
therelevantinあrmation maynotbeavailableinthecurrentconfiguration (customer
expectations,competition).ln other words,discontinuouschange hasto beunder way
to makethatin貴)rmationavailabletoin貴)rmthedevelopmentofvision.Those whoare
leadingthe
change
are
surroundedbythe presenting problems
and are
ableto make
real‐timeadjustmentsinthecontextoftheresultsoftheirongoinge掻orts,Quinn(1996,
p.83)describesthisas“buildingthebridgeasyou walkit.
”
ls”thevisionthing
”overratedintermsofdrivingchange?ltispossibletoarguethat
eがectivebusinessplanningleadstosuccessfulchange,andnotvision,orvlslonaryleaders・
ls “vision rhetoric” usedjustto
make
management decisions
appear to be
more
acceptable?
198
ChaPter6
Pmz7osed′7d幹瀞o′7
ForLissackandRoos(2001),theConcePtofVisionis上江口itedbyotherassumPtions,one
assumptionisthatorganizationalboundariesarewelldefined:staぜ,customers,suppliers.ln
aworldoffuzzyorganizationalnetworks,thisassumptionisquestionable,Asecondassump-
tionisthattheidentityoftheorganizationisfixed,withthevisionbuiltaroundthatidentity,
頓Zeth血kofLego,免rexample,asatoycompany. However,corporateidentity一Whatthe
organizationdoes-isconstantlychanging;aswesawinchapter5,Legoisalsonowanonline
gamescompany.Lissack and Roos(2001,p.61)Pre発rtheterm “coherencご to vision,
Coherenceinvolves,
“actingin a marulerconsistentwithwhoyou aregivenyourpresent
spotinthebusinesslandscape.
” APinterestingargument,butitisuldikelythattheterm
のゐere′?α,emphasizingdebatesaroundboundariesandorganizationalidentity,winreplace
theconceptofvision,whichisdeeplyembeddedinchange managementthi血盟bog.
How doesvisionimpactindividualratherthan organizationalidentity,and canthis
propelorimpedechange?Thisissuehasgenerateddebate.Landauetal.(2006)notethat
sta賃 mayidentiル strongly withanorganization
’soriginalvisionand withtheunderlying
be口e危 and assumptions.However,when an attemptismadetoi可ectanew vlslon,this
islikelytoberesistedifitdisruptsindividualimagesandselfde賃nitions,Thenew vlslon
wil.lthereForehinderchange.Thisproblem canbeaddressedifitispossibleto ensure
thatnew o蝉ectivesand goalsremain consistentwiththevaluesandbeliefsthatunder
pinnedtheoriginalvision.
je鐙eyFordand Winiam Pasmore(2006)questionthisposition あrtworeasons,First,
itisnotclearthatvision doesd江ectlyal節ectindividualidentity量)rm無gprocesses.Thisis
anemp立icalquestionthatneedstobee×am超edandislikelytovaryacrossorgal雲izations.
Second,evenifweacceptthatthereisadirectrelationshipbetween血dividualidentityand
vision,theproblemlieswithsta甘 memberswhoaredeeP1ycommittedtoaneXistingidentity,
whichtheyarereluctanttochange,despitetheneedあranewvision(andperhaps,therefbre,
anewidentity)-evenifthenew visionisnecessarytosecurethe orga匝zation’ssurvival.
Theynote,
”Peopleshouldbeentitledtotheiridentities,butatthesal工let立ne,organizations
doneedpeoplewhoarecommittedtoaviable,sustainablevisiontosurvive“(p,176),This
argumentremmdsusthatchanges m vision maychallengeindividualidentities,thereby
producmgresistancetochange.VVhendevelopinganewvision,therelk)re,itisi1nrportantto
assess,first, whetherthiswinenable ordisableidentity-貴)rlilingprocesses,andsecond,
whetherthiswinencourageordiscouragethoseaがectedtobecomeinvo1vedinthe
change,
Debate Three.-Vision:An Attribute of Heroic Leaders
or Heroic organizations?
somecommentatorsarguethatsuccessfulorganizationa1changedependsoneがective1ead-
ership.For Nadlerandshaw(1995,p.219),
“heroicleaders”energizeandsupporttheir
角nowersand providethem withavisionthat“
providesavehicle角rpeopleto develop
com1P亘tlrlent,acommongoalaroundwhichpeoplecanrally,andaway貴)rpeopleto熊el
successful.
“Aswehavealreadynoted,thevision hastobeclear,compening,chanengiねg,
andcredible,butitmustalsobereflectedintheexpressionsandactionsoftheleaderwho
isarticulatingit,Nadler(1998,p.276)pointstovisionaryleaderssuchasJamieHoughton
attheU,S.technologycompanyCormngwhopainted
“anengrossmgpictureofaculture
inwhich Corningwouldbeoneofthemostcompetent,profitable,andrespectedcorpora‐
tions釦theent鱈eworld.
”日ealsoidenti負esscottMcNealyofSun Microsystems(nowpart
Chapter6 Pmposeの?〆″童sわ″
199
oforacle)asenvision止ロg“aninあrmationworldwherePeoplewouldbefteetochoose丘om‐
arangeofvendorsratherthan heldCaptivebyasingle,au‐powerFul mega-corporation.
”
lronically,someofthosewhoarecitedasvlslonaryleadersdonotseethemselvesasvlslon‐
aryorheroicandhavechallengedthesignifiCanCeofvision:
RoberZ互班o“,whenhewasCEO0fChrysler,downP1ayedvisionin 魚vorofmeasurable
short‐term results.
五万″ Gα解s,oneoftheFoundersofみなicroso賃,once declaredthat“Being Vis・onaryls
trivial.
”(Lipton,1996,P,86)
Nevertheless,thoseleadersareo賃enPraised食)rarticulatingclear,appealing,Challenging
imagesofthefutureoftheirorganizations-thehallmarksofe]mectivev・slons.
GardnerandAvoロo(1998)arguethate爺ectiveCharismatic,visionaryleadersCreate”ide止
tity節コages
”thatarevaluedanddesi崖redbyothers,宜lcorporatingtrustworth辻less,Credib廷ity,
morauty,血=novativeness,esteem,andPower.Draw血gon adramaturgicaIPersPective,they
arguethatCharismaticleadersenact(orper金rm)the壮visionsthrough 短urprocesses:
1, 万mmZ“g,Theartofmanaging meaning,influencingotherstoaccepttheleader’sinter-
Pretationofthevision,bystressingitsimportance,andaligningitwiththeirvalues
2.scrj駆動g.TheProcessofCoordinatingandintegrating morespecificsetsofideasand
actionsincluding:
・ castingoftheapPropriatekeyroles
・ dialogue,usingvariousrhetoricaldevices,suchasmetaphorsandstories,toincrease
theappealofthe message
・ providingd立ection,usingverbalandnonverbalbehaviorandemotionaldisplays
3.Smg粥g.Theselectionofsymbols,artifacts,proPs,andsettingstorein貴)rcethevision
4. ル堺ormZ〃g.Enactingthevisionbypersonallydemonstratingthebehaviorsrequiredto
achievethevision
ltisimportanttonotethat,althoughhavingavlslon・sconsideredby manyCommen‐
tatorstobeaprerequisite食)rsuccessfuIChangeleadership,othersdisagree.Vision may
beanecessaryComponentofinsPirationalleadership,butitmaynotbesu”Ficient.Robert
Go掻eeand GarethJones(2000)arguethat,to complementenergy and vision,other
qualitiesarenecessaryincluding:
・ revealingpersonalweaknessesto貢)1lowerstogaintheirtrust
・ sensinghowthingsareintheorganizationandthewiderenvironment,Pic]bLngupand
interpretingsubtlecuesandsignals
・ showing
“tough emPathy,
“
Passionate,Caring,butrealistic, 節Cusing on whatothers
needratherthan whattheywant
・ daringtobedifョヨerent,signallingand maintainingtheiruniqueness,while maintaining
socialdistance
lthasalsobeenarguedthatvisionaryleadersareneededataneverydaylevelthroughout
theorganization,andnotjustatthetop.SuchindividualsProvidewhatRogers(2007)Cans
“supervision,
”usinginteractions,conversations,androlemodellingtodemonstrate:
ReなPedn’e.ConcerningtheChallenges魚cingtheorganization
′’“′pose,BothPersonalandorganizational
200
Chapter6
P班posed′7d“s′。′7
Processes・Respond moree”ョectivelytocustomers
βossz虜/!rZes.Challengecurrentconstraints
bre′”Zα/.Concerningpersonalcontributions
′セsszo〃,Channelenergiesin meaningfuIWays
lnthisperspective,therelbre,to maintainengagementand motivation,ProvidingV1slon
mーustbeaday‐to‐dayactivityinvolving manyleadersacrosstheorganization,andnotan
occasionalprocessledbyasingleseniorfigureorasmalltopteam,
巧ぶ卿2左α〃血筋ら”だ け嵐erのco増加Zzqrゎm
CollinsandPorras(2005)arguethatvisionaryleadersarenotnecessarytocreatevisionary
companies,claimingthattheroleofcharismainsettingvision hasbeen exaggerated.A
charismaticleadermayevenbeanimpedimenttothecreationofavisionaryorganization;
sustainedorganizationale掻ectivenessdependsonembeddedvisions,values,andideologies,
ratherthan on pronouncements丘om oneseniorfigure,Theleader’sroleisto actasa
catalyst,稼cilitatingthedevelopmentof,andcommitmentto,thevision,Thisisaprocess
thatcanbeachievedthrough avarietyofleadershipand managementstyles,ltismore
inlportanttocreateanorganizationwithavisionthantohaveacharismaticchiefe×ecutive
withapersonalvision,
lnthisperspective,visionincorporatescoreideology,whichisunchanging,anddefines
whattheorganizationstandsあrandwhyitexists,Anenvisionedfutureiswhattheorga-
nization aspiresto
and changestoward overtime.ldeologycomprisescorevalues
and
core purpose, Core values
aredurableguidingprinciples:”the HP 訳/ay,
”釈ZaltDisney
Company
’s”imaginationand wholesomeness,
”Procter& Gamble’s“
productexcellence,
andNordstro鯖s“customerservice.
”CollinsandPorras(2005)notethatmostcompanies
haveonlythreetofivesharedcorevalues,Corepurposeontheotherhanddefinesthe
reason あrtheorganizatiodsexistence.
Corepurposeshouldbedurable(designedtolastacentury,perhaps)anddi鈷ers丘om
goalsand businessstrategies,which changeconstantlyovertime.Thepurpose maynot
change,butitshouldinspirechange,development,andprogress.Theenvisionedfuture,
incontrast,consistsof“BHAG‐s”-Big,Hairy,Audacious Goals,ordauntingchallenges
withspecifiedtimelinesthatcaninvolve:
・ Co′??′?7o〃e′?の?リノ/ogc.Phi五pM[orrisinthel950swantedto“krlocko甘RJRasthenum-
beronetobaccocompanyintheworld Nikeinthel960saimedto“crush Adidas,
”
・ Ro/emode//ogZc,Stanあrd Universityinthe
l940swantedtobecome“the Harvardof
the 帆Zest.
”
・ 方鶴er′?”/『〆”′?切々or′?7僻め“ わgZc,Thegoal貴)rGEinthel980swasto”become number
oneornumbertwoinevery marketweserve,andrevolutionizethiscompanytohave
the
strengths
ofabigcompany combined withtheleanness andagilityofa
small
company
“;Rockwellinl995wantedto”trans館ormthiscompany 丘o]m ade篤nsecon‐
tractorintothebestdiversifiedhigh-technologycompanyinthe world,
”
Afurthercomponentofenvisionedfuture,vividdescriptions,consistsofvibrant,pas‐
sionate,and engaging descriptionsofwhatitwiUbelikeinthefuture when goalsare
achieved. Envisioning
the
future
is
a
creative
process, engaging staff
across
the
organization,
Chapter6
月!′posed′7d騎瀞o′7
201
Coilinsand Porras(2005)arguethatcompletevi‐
sionshavethreecomponents:acoreideology(val-
uesandpurpose),anenvisionedfuture(big,haiw,
audaciousgoa-s),andvividdescriptions.Theyoffer
thefollowingexamp-efromthepharmaceuticalcom-
panyMerckinthel930s:
Coreldeology
Corev口′ues.Socialresponsibility
science‐basedinnovation
Purpose
opreserveandimprovehuman
TheworkofCollinsandPorrasoffersasensitive
treatment
ofthe
re-ationshipbetween
vlslon
and
change. Vision (which
they
also
call
”industry
foresighで)isbrokendownintocomponentparts,
some
ofwhich
remain
stableand
some
ofwhich
changeovertime.Manychangemode-sthatreferto
theneedforvisiontoguideorganizationaーchange
ーackthis
degree
ofsophistication.Vision
is
often
presented
as
something
that
guides
change,
handeddowntotheorganizationbythechiefexec‐
utiveandthetop‐managementteam,However,for
CollinsandPorras,vision(ascoreideoーogy)serves
as
an
enduring background
component,not
so
muchguidingchan9easreflectinghowchangewiーl
beachieved(byfoーlowingcorevalues,forexample).
ltistheenvisionedfutureofvisionthatofferscon-
cretechangedirection,concerningwhatshouldbe
changed,andhow,
EXERCISE
ourtaskistointerviewthreeemployees;theycanbeinthesameoradifferentorga-
6コ
nization.Askthemtothinkbacktoanorganizationaーchangethattheyexperiencedand
廓zeryzewz“g
toanswerthefolーowingquestions:
Rec夢/e“な
圏圏圃
1. VVeretheypresented withanorganizationalvisionforthischange?lfso:
VVhatwasthe
vision?
VVhateffectdidthishaveonthem?
VVeretheyinvolvedindevelopingthevision?
下o whatextentdidthevision motivatethemtoengageinthechange?
How centralwasthevisiontoimplementingthechange?
2.lfyourintervieweeswerenotgivenanorganizationalvisionforthischange,askthem:
VVouldavisionhavehelpedthemtounderstandandbecomeinvolvedinthechange?
Howimportantisvisiontoachievingorganizationalchange?
VVhenyou
have
completed yourinterviews,considerthe
responsesthatyou
have
documented.
VVhat
general
conclusions
emerge
regarding
the
relationship
between
Vislonandorganizationalchange?VVhathaveyoulearnedfromthisexercise?
202
chapter6
A〃poseの7d“s′。′7
EXERCISE
Consideryourowncurrentorganization,oranotherWith Whichyouarefamiliar,Which
6.2
couldbethelnstitution whereyouarestudying.Gotothe Websiteofthe MissionState‐
“α諺row刀
圏圏圃圏霊園
mentAcademy:https://mission‐statement.com.Note howtheyassessthe mlsslonand
vlsーonstatementsofleadingorganizations.Usingtheirstyleasatemplate,andreca=ing
thediscussionofeffective missionsandvisionsinthischapter,assessyourownchosen
organization’sapproachtotheseissues,
Does
your
organization’s
mission
statementset
out
a meaningful
and
challenging
purposethatWillexcite,attract,retain,and motivatestaff?
Does
your
organization’s
vision
statement
have
the
characteristicsidentified
in
table6.4?
Doyourorganization’s missionandvision
helptodrivechange,ornot?VVhy?
Areyourorganization’s missionand visionjusta“publicrelations”exerclse,orare
theyusedinpractice?How canyoutell?
.
・
‐
・ Whatchanges(ifany)Wouldyou maketoyourorganization’s missionandvision?
EXERCISE
Asyoureadthiscase,considerthefollowingquestions:
6.3
,. How wou-dyoudescribethe wayvision WasusedatMentorGraphics?
7了だ尺o定 げ
2.Did,itstrengthenorWeakenthecompany?How?VVhy?
巧諺oヵ所
3.ofthereasonsdiscussedinthischapterconcerningwhyvisionsfail,whichareapp-i-
ルをmor
3. ofthereasonsdiscussedinthischapterconcerningwhyvisionsfail,whichareapp-i-
cableto MentorGraphics?
4,VVhatisyourassessmentofthevisioncontentandtheprocessthrough Whichitwas
introduced
in
the
Mentor
Graphics
context?
VVhat
ーessons emerge
from
your
assessment?
5.BasedonwhathappenedatMentorGraphics,whataretheimplicationsforthethree
debatesdiscussed
inthischapter:Whethervisiondriveschangeoremergesduring
change;Whethervision
helpsorhinderschange;and whethervision
isanattribute
ofheroicleadersorheroicorganizations?
6, ofthesixchangeimagesoutlinedintable6,1,whichimagesofvisioncanbeapplied
tothiscasestudy?VVhat-essonsemergefromthis?
Foundedinl981,MentorGraphics(now Mentor,asiemensBusiness)isa U.S.elec‐
tronicdesignautomationbusiness.ltwasacquiredfor$4.5bi=ion bythe German mul-
tinationalsiemensin2017andhadrevenuesof$3bi=ionin2018.Accordingtocompany
president
Gerard
Langeler,the
role
ofvision
was
importantfrom
the beginnin9,The
companystarted withanunarticu1atedvisionto”Bui-dSomethingThatPeopleWilIBuy.
“
onthisbasis,theyspentseveralmonthsinterviewingpotentiaーcustomersanddesigning
acomputer‐aidedengineerin9Workstationproduct.Atthesametime,acompetitor,Daisy
Systems,Wasengaged
inthesametaskand,intheearlyyears,outcompeted Mentor
Graphics.Eventually,
“BeatDaisy”becamethenewvision,drivenbytheneedtosurvive
asabusiness.
Byl985 Mentor’srevenueswerehigherthan Daisy’s;theirvisionhadbeenrealized,
Thecompanycontinuedtogrow despitetherecession,butsufferedfromtypicaーgrowth
problems,including
decline
in
product
quality,and
prob-ems
ofinternal
company
ChaPter6
PmPosemm 騎瀞o′7
203
coordination.Stockvalue
also
suffered,and
a
numberofstaffapproached
Langeler
seekinganewvisionforthecompany.
Thenew v-slon wasdevelopedbasedon”SixBoxes,
”whichrepresentedthesixdif-
1nl989,yetanothervisionemerged:”Changingthe軌′aythe執′orldDesignsTogether.
”
ln
retrospect,Langeler
depictsthis
vision
as“thefinal
extension
ofvision
creepthat
began withSixBoxes,
“ltwasverygrandandhadlittletodowiththeactua-businesses
inwhich MentorGraphicsoperated,indudingthedevelopmentofitsnew8.0generation
ofsoftware.
Therea-ization,bythe earlyl99os,thatthe company’svision
detractedfrom What
the company wasactuallytryingto aChieve
ledtothe
dumplng
ofthevision
and
its
replacementwith
onethatechoedthe early beginning
ofthe company:”ou「current
short-,medium-,andlong‐term visionistobuildthingspeople wi=buy,
“Thiswasseen
AdditionaI
Hollensbe,E.,Wookey,C.,Hickey,L.,andGeorge,G.2014.organizationswithpur
Reading
pose.4mdemyqf賜伽αge′僻〃L加‘mq/57(5):1227‐34.Discussesvlslonandpurposein
ternlsofthe“
greatergood
“andtheorganization’scontributiontosociety.Theauthors
arguethatan organization
’ssenseofpurposemustrecognizetheinterdependenceof
businessandsociety,
lbarra,日.2015.4α/次eq/eqde′;豹方?化左化eq′eqde Boston:Harvard Business Review
Press.〇節ersadviceonthinkingstrategicallyandavoidingthedistractionsofshort-term
Priorities.Citing GeorgeVV.Bushandhisdismissivecommentabout“theVisionthing,
“
H[er・1linialbarraarguesthat“theabi日tytoenV1slonpossibilities食)rthefutureandto
sharethatvision withothersdistinguishesleaders官om nonleader (P,40).
Malnight,T.W.,Buche,1.,andDhanar鴫 C.2019.PutPurPoseatthecore
ofyour
strategy, 帰館堀川 β”s/′?ess尺e雑踏ーノ97(5) 0-79.ExP1ainshow aclearstatementofthe
organization’s missionorpurposecontributesto perlt)rlrlanceandcompetitiVeadvantage.
Venus, M.,Stam,D.,andvan KnipPenberg,D.2019.Visionsofchangeasvlslonsof
continuity.‐4md勿リノグ Mqmgeme〃『お“rm/62(3):66 90.Asdiscussedinthischapter,
oぼersthecounterintuitiveargumentthatgoodvisionstatementsshouldeInphasize
204
Chapter6
乃′′poseの7d”おデの?
continuityaswenaschange,Change meansuncertainty,WhichCanbede]MーotiVating,
Continuityandstabilityarereassuringandcanhelptoovercomepotentialresistance
tochange,
Roundup
Howdoyoudistinguishmission(orpur‐
pose)from vision?lsthisanimportant
distinction?
ln
yourorganization,how
aーigned
areyour
purpose
and
vision?
Are
there competing
missions
and
vlslons
inyouror9anization?
How are
theseresolved?
VVhat
criteria
do
you
use
to decide
whethermissionandvisionstatements
are-ikeーytobeusefulinyourorgan-za-
tion?VVhatothercriteriamightyouwish
totakeintoaccount?
Do
your
organization’s mission
and
v1s-on
statements
meetthose
criteria?
lf
not, how
would you
recommend
changingthem?
Looking
atthe
language
ofyour
mis-
sionstatement,isitabstractandvague,
ordoesituseinterestingimagery?How
couldyouimproveyourorganization’s
missionstatement?
Hereisashortsummaryofthekeypointsthatwewouldlikeyoutotake丘omthischaPter,
inrelationtoeachofthelearningoutcomes:
圏霊園 ☆
&叩/の7Z庇 の淳〃?だ′郡元rα〃〆”gの′鶏自力eの′7cepな げ〃〃勿oserormなs!o′7ノのばvZs!o″α″〆
加Wqpproαc庇szo 殆どseZssz′esdepの7do′自力eZmqge 〆mqmg!′?go増加Zzの!om/効の7ge,
Missionisastatementofpurpose:W〆hyarewehere?Visionisafutureaspiration:”/hat
dowewanttoachieve?Somecommentatorsarguethatstatementsofmissionandvision
areindispensable,givingpurpose,direction,motivation,inspiration,andchange.There
isevidencethataclearsenseoforganizationalpurposecancontributeto
organizational
perあrmanceandsustainedcompetitiveadvantage,othercommentatorsarguethatthese
conceptsaretooabstractandvagueandthattheyhavebecome meaningless,attracting
cynlclsm when mostorganizations have
similarly bland
statementsaboutexcellence,
socialresponsibility,empoweredemployees,anddelightedcustomers.
Theconceptsofmissionandvisionvarywiththeimageofchangemanagementthat
isin use. For
e×ample,the
directorimage
assumesthatresponsibilityFor 丘aming
Doesyourv-slon
promiseabreakwith
thepastandabrighterfuture?Couldem-
ployeesfeelthreatenedbythis?VVou1dit
be
helpfuー
to
emphasize
continuity--
whatisn’tchanging?
VVhatprocesshaveyouused,orseenin
use,tocraftaneffectivevision?Doyou
haveapersonalpreferencetowardan
intuitive
or
ananalytical
approach
to
visiondeve-opment?VVhy?
lstherean“innervoice“inyourorganー-
zation?
VVhat
are
the
”bread‐and‐but-
ter”issues?Arethere”undiscussable”
issuesinyourorganization?
Whatisyourjudgment:whendovisions
fail,and when
doestheireffectiveness
fade?Canvisionsberevitalized?How?
VVhat
isyour
position:do mission
and
vision
drive
change?
Do mission
and
visionhelpchange?lnpa代iculaちdoesvi‐
sionneedvisiona~leaders?
Chapter6
月‘′poseの?〆”isわ〃
205
missionandVisionstatementsliesWithseniorleaders,TheCaretakerassumesthatthe
organization
’s missionandVision areshaPedPrimarilybyexternal食)rces.Thecoach
後cilitatestheConsultationandco‐Creation Processthroughwhich missionandVision
aredeveloPedbysta賃丘om acrosstheorganization.Thenurturersees missionsand
VIS1onsemergingfromtheC1ashofunPredictable化)rCesandastemPoraryconstructs.
丑叩友粥 豹evq/“eげαc/mro増加Zz傭わ加/pz!のoseor′mss!o′?騨memの7Z
A証 organization
’sPurPoseisitsreason食)rbeinginbusiness.H[avingaC1earPurPose
hasbecomeimPortantas moreemP1oyees一ルlillennialsin Particular-areloo顔ng貴)r
meaning1n]lworkwithapurPosethatContributestosociety.PurPosecanhavestrategic
benefits,helpingtheorganizationtoidentifyandexploitnew marketopportunitiesthat
areconsistentwiththatpurPose.EvidencesuggeststhatPurpose‐driven organizations
gainhigher marketshare,havehigherProductivityandgrowth,havebetterjobsatis-
鏡ctionandemP1oyeeretention,andaremoreinnovative,Forgreaterimpactand menロー
orability,missionstatementsshoulduseconcreteimageryandnotabstractions.
Evidenceandexperiencesuggestthat,tobee節ective,vlslonsshouldbeclear,aPPealing,
vivid,ambitious,and attainable,providingasenseofdirection andguidingdecision
making,but
also
flexible
enough to
accommodate
initiative and
change.E掻ective
vls・ons
also
describe
a desirable-perhapsidea1一future あrtheorganization. Further
emotionalproperties
ofthe e甜ective vlslon,although difficultto
de丘ne,arethatit
“危elsgood“andthatitemphasizescontinuity,asa“completebreakwiththepast
“can
beseenasthreateninganddemotivating.Researchdemonstratesthatvisionsexpressed
inimage‐basedtermsare more motivatingand memorablethanthosethatusevague
abstractions.
“B1urry vision bias”canbeovercome usingthetechnique oftemporaI
PrQiection,whichinvolvesimagininghowtheorganization willlook,feel,and actin
thefuture・
4卿リノメ族ere〃“舵豹oぬ 鋼〆processesルrdelぞ/opZ〃gymo〃s.
Thereare manyaPProachesto develoPingvlslon,ranging onthe 危miHarcontinuum
丘om”telr(thechiefexecutivedeterminesthevision)to“co‐create“(everyonepartici-
patesinthedevelopment).Thereisno“onebestway,
”andchoiceisinnuencedbythe
change managementimagem use.Leader‐dominated methodscanberapid,andmay
beinspirational,butarenotconsistentwiththeconceptsofemployeeempowerment
andengagement.M[ostcommentatorssuggestthatco‐creation methods,wheretherole
ofseniorleadersisto“orchestrate“thevision-cra貴ingprocess,are morelikelytoPro-
ducebettervisionsand moresuccessfulchange,Staぜ whoarenotdirectlyresponsible
あrcreatingan organizatiodsvisioncan neverthelessbecomeinvolvedintheprocess,
byhelpingtoshapeseniorleaders’ideas,bytranslatingthecorporatevision 危rthe
membersofagiventeamordePartment,andbydevelopinga丘ontlineteam visionthat
canbetransmitteduptheorganization.
otherapproachestocra貴ingvisionhavebeendescribedasintuitive,analytical,and
benchmarking.lntuitive approachesrely onimagination and creativeimagery:W/hat
are ourpersonaland organizationalpriorities,and whatdo we needto doto work
toward ourdesired 苑ture?Aaanalyticalapproachlinksvisionto purposeandgoals,
usingquestionssuchas:W’hodoweserve?W/hatdowedo?W′heredoweplace most
圏国璽
206
ChaPter6
P”′Po艶d〃d“s′o/?
○foureがorts? HOWdo Weoperationalizethosee”コorts?AbenchmarldngapProachis
mLoree×ternany化)cusedand develoPsvisioninrelationtokeycomPetitors:VVhatdo
ourcompetitorsd‐owen?Howcan Wedobetterthanthem?日[OWshouldWe measure
ourachieVel工lent?\フVhatWiuitbelikeWhenthosestandardshaVebeen met?
Visionscan鏡江貴)rmanyreasons:toosPeci賃c,toovague,toocomP1e×,魚ilstoaddress
knownProblems,detached 丘omthebusiness,unrealistic,and doesnotoaヨera
clear
view ofthefuture,LackofadaPtationtochangingcircumstancescan makeav・slon
obso1ete,contributingto
decisionsthatare notconsistentwith new environmenta1
conditionsandconstraints,Visionsaiso魚ilbecauseof”Visionconisions“-thePresence
oftoo manycomPetingvlslons貴)ranorganization.
互xp超微 動ec鯛耀かz‘”◇〃 げ″z‘′pose の雌 yZSZO′2のo増加Zz傭わ′?〆c加増e.
vveexploredthreekeydebates.First,doesvisiondrivechange,ordoesvlslonemerge
丘omtheorganizationalchangeProcess?Second,doesvlslon contributetoorhinder
the organizationalchange Process? Third,arevisionsattributesofheroicleadersor
heroicorganizations?VVithcomLPeningargumentsonbothsidesofthesedebates,the
answersarenotclear.
Thetraditionalview seesthevisionoftheheroic,charismaticleaderdrivingand
contributingpositivelytothe organizationalchange process,Thereisevidence and
argumenttochallengethatPerspective.Theimportanceofcharismaandvision may
havebeenexaggerated.CharismaticseniorfiguresPerhapscontributelesstosustained
organizationaleぼectivenessthanembeddedvisions,corevalues,andenduringideol-
ogies,Visionsareemergentbecauseitisdi賃icultto articulateaclearimageofthe
futureatthestartofadisruPtivetransFormationalchangeProcess・Visionscanimpede
changeby makingstrongemotionalaPPealstothefutureinsteadofFocusingoncur-
rent
oPerationalproblems
and where
organizational
capabilities are
inadequateto
achievingthevision.
Thechange managermustbeawareofthesedebatesandtensionsandtakethese
considerationsinto accountbeforeembarkingon avision develoPmentProcessata
Particulartime
in
a
specific
conte×t. The weight
ofcommentary, 丘om academic
research and managementconsultants,apPearsto endorsethevalueofarticulating
clear
and
comPelling
vlslons, However,this
perspective
should not
be
taken
あr
granted,and a morecautious,skePtical,criticalaPproachisPerhapsadvisable.The
roleandneedForvisionshouldbeassessedinrelationtoeachsPecificorganizational
changesituation,VVhathasbeene]日当ective貴)roneorganization,givenitshistory,cur-
rentchanenges,and future
aspirations, may notbewhollyappropriate 貸)ranother
organization withadiがerentbackground,adifferentset。fprob1ems,andadifferent
desiredfuture.
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