Capstone Case Study of a Patient with Anemia
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Capstone Case Study of a Patient with Anemia
Anemia is a severe worldwide health condition that affects persons of all ages but principally females of reproductive age. Iron deficiency anemia is one of the utmost prevalent roots of anemia witnessed in women, with menstruation being one of the primary reasons.
Extreme, prolonged, and uneven uterine bleeding, also recognized as menometrorrhagia, can bring about severe anemia. In this case report, the paper will present a case of a premenopausal woman leading to profound iron deficiency anemia with the utmost low hemoglobin.
Scrutiny of the worldwide anemia problem exposed that the occurrence of iron deficiency anemia, though lessening each year, stayed considerably high, impacting virtually one in every five women. Menstruation is mainly deemed liable for the exhaustion of body iron stores within premenopausal females. It has been projected that the percentage of menstruating females in the USA who hold minimal-to-lacking iron reserves varies from 20% to 65% (Chai et al., 2021).
Research has determined that a premenopausal female’s iron storage volumes could be nearly two to three times below those in a female ten years post-menopause. Extreme and extended uterine bleeding that transpires at irregular and recurrent intervals may be witnessed in virtually a quarter of females who are 40–50 years old (Chai et al., 2021). Typically, women with menometrorrhagia bleed over 80 mL, or 3 ounces, throughout a menstrual cycle and are consequently at greater risk of experiencing iron deficiency and anemia.
The selected problem for this Capstone Case Study is a patient suffering from the effects of anemia. Anemia is a disorder wherein one lacks sufficient vigorous red blood cells to convey sufficient oxygen to the body’s organs. Consequently, individuals diagnosed with anemia always feel exhausted or tired and lacks physical strength. There are numerous kinds of anemia, each with its source. Iron deficiency anemia is prevalent
amongst non‐pregnant females of the reproductive stage or menstruating women globally, even though the commonness is most significant in low‐income backgrounds. Iron insufficiency anemia has been linked with an array of adverse health results that the compensation of iron stores by iron supplements has been deemed possible to solve.
Worldwide, around 29 % of non-pregnant females aged 15–49 are anemic, which translates to approximately 500 million females (Stevens et al., 2022). Iron deficiency anemia is prevalent in the United States, with 12 % and 4 % occurrence among women (Stevens et al., 2022).
These statistics are even more significant in African-American women and are often a consequence of heavy menstrual bleeding. The primary objective of the capstone case study is to determine the efficiency of the iron supplement on a patient with anemia.
PICOT
The PICOT question is
:
How can patients with anemia use an iron supplement to
improve anemia compare to patients with anemia using no iron supplement in 15 weeks?
The target population is non-pregnant women with anemia aged 15–49 years old. The intervention is the use of an iron supplement. Iron supplements can help reverse an iron deficiency when dietary changes alone are unsuccessful. Childbearing women of reproductive age who are menstruating are more disposed to low iron levels and ought to get their iron levels tested often. Women who menstruate are excessively affected by anemia because of the fact that they lose blood through their periods. Actually, 29% of childbearing females and 38% of pregnant women globally are impacted by anemia (Stevens et al., 2022). The intervention compares childbearing women with anemia using an iron supplement to non-pregnant women without an iron supplement. The outcome is to improve anemia by using iron supplements for 15 weeks.
The Vulnerable Population
Anemia is a public health issue in developing nations, particularly for women. Females of childbearing age are experiencing a distinct epoch of menstruation and serve a vital role in the economy, family, and society. Consequently, their health status warrants exceptional attention.
Anemia in childbearing females not only threatens the mother’s health but as well has a bad influence on the subsequent generation when they become pregnant, like the augmented threat of preterm delivery and low birth mass. Worldwide, the anemia prevalence in women aged 15–49 improved slightly from 31% to 30% between 2000 and 2019 (Dündar, 2019). Internationally, regionally, and in virtually all nations, advancement on anemia in childbearing women aged 15– 49 years is inadequate to suit the World Health Assembly (WHA) worldwide nutrition goal to halve anemia occurrence by 2030.
Since anemia is considerably linked with mortality and morbidity amongst women of the procreative stage, recognizing the risk aspects of anemia stays a vital matter of public health. Because of the substantial menstruation losses and more critical physiologic requirements for iron, females of procreative age experience iron insufficiency anemia (Dündar, 2019). At a worldwide level, dominance and risk aspects of anemia stay impending pointers to inquire the efficient interventions and to evaluate the advancement made to decrease the anemia rate. The contraception method was a substantial risk factor for reducing the anemia rate.
Education was also discovered to be a noteworthy aspect of anemia condition. Furthermore, the education level is confusing with socioeconomic status at large but may also be mirrored in the comparatively poor knowledge of nutritional practices.
Literature Review
A study by Fernández-Gaxiola & De-Regil (2019) was completed to evaluate the impacts of intermittent oral iron supplementation and its related damages amongst menstruating females, compared without intervention or regular supplements (Fernández-Gaxiola & De-Regil, 2019). Periodic iron supplementation decreased anemia and enhanced iron stores amongst menstruating females in populations with diverse anemia backgrounds. In contrast with an everyday supplement, intermittently, the supply of iron supplements is possibly as efficient in averting or managing anemia.
A study by Idemili-Aronu et al. (2020) shows that using iron for at slightest 90 days of pregnancy is a cost-efficient method of reducing iron insufficiency anemia, which is the prevalent type of anemia amongst females of childbearing age (Idemili-Aronu et al., 2020). The study shows that numerous socio-demographic aspects, like the type of residence, maternal age, wealth, and education, are connected with the occurrence of maternal anemia. The study showed that compliance with the proposed use of micronutrients effectively protects against anemia.
Moreover, the study outcomes show that the wealthier, urban inhabitants and more learned women adapted to using iron supplements to improve their anemia condition.
According to a study by Mwangi et al. (2017), the commonness of iron deficiency in pregnant women regularly surpasses 50% in low-income nations. On top of the effects of swelling in blocking iron consumption, iron deficiency transpires since the diets of poor persons are monotonous. The study’s meta-analyses discovered that pregnancy iron supplements profit maternal well-being. The study recommends a general iron supplement of 30–60 mg/day during gestation though coverage is low in most nations. (Mwangi et al., 2017). The welfares of universal iron supplements probably differ from the commonness of iron insufficiency. As a
result, the balance between risks and benefit is possibly more promising in low-income nations than in high-revenue nations, regardless of the greater exposure to contagious pathogens.
Low et al., (2017) established that iron deficiency anemia is widespread amongst non- pregnant females of the procreative stage (menstruating females) globally, even though the prevalence is uppermost in lower-income backgrounds. Even though several tests from the study reported the impacts of iron in non-expectant females, they were never amalgamated in a systematic evaluation. The current systematic evaluation established that everyday iron supplement successfully decreases the commonness of anemia and iron insufficiency, increases iron and hemoglobin stores, advances workout performance, and decreases symptomatic exhaustion (Low et al., 2017). The welfares come at the cost of augmented gastrointestinal symptomatic consequences.
Oral contraceptive usage has been linked with reduced blood losses in menstruation; therefore, it may independently decrease the threat of iron insufficiency and anemia in women. Producers have lately begun to comprise additional iron in placebo drugs of certain contraceptives (Fischer et al., 2021). A study found that ICOC holds the prospective to be a cost-efficient resolution to manage iron deficiency anemia and family planning needs. However, more demanding trials assessing the efficacy of ICOC on refining indicators of iron insufficiency and anemia and exploring the security of its intake amongst iron-replete populaces are reasonable.
Iron insufficiency anemia is a significant worldwide public health matter, particularly in young females. An oral iron supplement may be an efficient approach to manage and avert IDA though strategies differ. Certain specialists endorse 150–200 mg of essential iron daily, with the dosages separated throughout the day. In brief, the study suggests altering from routine to
alternate-day timetables and from separated to morning solitary dosages, raising iron immersion and decreasing impacts (Stoffe, 2020). Therefore, offering morning dosages of 60– 120 mg iron provided with absorbable acid on different days might be an optimum oral dosage treatment for females with iron insufficiency.
Strengths and Weaknesses of Selected Literature
The strength of the selected literature is that it is evidence-based, making it more reliable. The literature is from previously completed studies that followed reliable procedures to produce reliable results. Another strength of the selected literature it is not biased on the topic of discussion. Moreover, the selected literature provides extensive view and knowledge on the subject matter. The weakness of the literature is that it is not comprehensive since they fail to cover various elements in their discussion. Another weakness of the selected literature is that it does not provide new information on the topic.
Proposal
The proposed intervention to the issue of Iron deficiency anemia or patient with anemia is iron supplements. The paper will present a case of a premenopausal woman leading to profound iron deficiency anemia with the highest low hemoglobin. The patient will be provided with iron supplements to improve iron sufficiency. Evidence shows that iron supplement improves hemoglobin and decreases the incidence of anemia and iron insufficiency. A daily iron supplement will be given since it lessens the commonness of anemia and iron insufficiency, increasing iron and hemoglobin stores. An iron supplement of 30–60 mg/day is recommended.
To determine the efficiency of iron supplements in patients with iron deficiency anemia, various resources are necessary to complete the research successfully. Some of the necessary
resources include iron supplements and nursing care services. The feasibility of a nurse in an advanced role is practical. Nurses will provide a nursing care plan for the patient with anemia. There is a need for an iron supplement supply for the plan to be effective. Those involved in the whole plan include patients with anemia, nurses who will help implement the plan, and other staff who will offer critical support. The plan will take place within a hospital setting for 3 to 6 months.
References
Chai, A. L., Huang, O. Y., Rakočević, R., & Chung, P. (2021). Critical iron deficiency
anemia with record low hemoglobin: a case report.
Journal of Medical Case Reports,
15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-021-03024-9
Dündar, B. (2019). The Prevalence And Analysis Of Risk Factors For Postpartum Anemia In Women Without Prepartum Anemia.
Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital Medical Journal.
https://doi.org/10.14744/hnhj.2019.75436
Fernández-Gaxiola, A. C., & De-Regil, L. M. (2019). Intermittent iron supplementation for reducing anaemia and its associated impairments in adolescent and adult menstruating women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd009218.pub3
Fischer, J. A. J., Sasai, C. S., & Karakochuk, C. D. (2021). Iron-Containing Oral Contraceptives and Their Effect on Hemoglobin and Biomarkers of Iron Status: A Narrative Review.
Nutrients,
13(7), 2340.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072340
Idemili-Aronu, N., Igweonu, O., & Onyeneho, N. (2020). Uptake of iron supplements and anemia during pregnancy in Nigeria.
Journal of Public Health.
https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa168
Low, M. S. Y., Speedy, J., Styles, C. E., De-Regil, L. M., & Pasricha, S.-R. (2017). Daily iron supplementation for improving anaemia, iron status, and health in menstruating women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd009747.pub2
Mwangi, M. N., Prentice, A. M., & Verhoef, H. (2017). Safety and benefits of antenatal oral iron supplementation in low-income countries: a review.
British Journal of Haematology,
177(6), 884–895.
https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14584
Stevens, G. A., Paciorek, C. J., Flores-Urrutia, M. C., Borghi, E., Namaste, S., Wirth, J. P., Suchdev, P. S., Ezzati, M., Rohner, F., Flaxman, S. R., & Rogers, L. M. (2022). National, regional, and global estimates of anemia by severity in women and children for 2000–19: a pooled analysis of population-representative data.
The Lancet Global Health,
10(5), e627–e639.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00084-5
Stoffe, N. (2020). Oral iron supplementation in iron-deficient women: How much and how often?
Molecular Aspects of Medicine,
75, 100865.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2020.100865
Capstone Case Study
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Capstone Case Study
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Capstone Case Study
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Capstone Case Study 3
Part II
This is a continuation of the health program proposal, part one, which you submitted previously. Please approach this assignment as an opportunity to integrate instructor feedback from part I and expand on ideas adhering to the components of the MAP-IT strategy. Include necessary levels of detail you feel appropriate to assure stakeholder buy-in.
For this section of your assignment, include the following components:
7.
Framework
(minimum two paragraphs)
Select and present an appropriate health promotion/disease prevention theoretical or conceptual model that best serves as the guiding framework for the proposal.
8.
Outcomes
(minimum two paragraphs)
Thoroughly describe the intended outcomes concurrent with the SMART goal approach.
9.
Detailed Plan
(minimum three paragraphs)
Provide a detailed plan for evaluation for each outcome.
10.
Barriers / Challenges
(minimum two paragraph)
Thoroughly describe possible barriers/challenges to implementing the proposed project as well as strategies to address these barriers/challenges.
11.
Conclusion
(minimum two paragraphs)
· Conclude the paper with a conclusion paragraph. Don’t type the word “Conclusion”.
· In this section, you will share your insights about this strategy and your expectations regarding achieving your goals.
· This section should contain a well-rounded and comprehensive conclusion summarizing the paper and providing a call to action.
12. Reference
· APA/Formatting
/References All information taken from another source, even if summarized, must be appropriately cited in the manuscript, and listed in the references using the current APA 7th Edition of the manual.
Paper Requirements:
· Follow APA 7th Edition format guidelines.
· Use In-text citations properly.
· The final paper should be between 12-14 pages long (not including the title and reference page).
· All papers must be written in the 3rd person.
· Your proposal must be a scholarly paper demonstrating graduate school-level writing and critical analysis of existing nursing knowledge about a Primary Care problem.
Clarity of Writing:
a. Use standard English grammar and sentence structure.
b. There should be no spelling errors or typographical errors.
c. The paper should be organized around the required components using appropriate headers.
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Grading Criteria (II) |
Ratings |
Pts |
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| Framework |
15 pts (Excellent) Thoroughly selected and present an appropriate health promotion/ disease prevention theoretical or conceptual model |
12 (Good) Briefly selected and present an appropriate health promotion/ disease prevention theoretical or conceptual model |
8 pts (Acceptable) Vaguely selected and present an appropriate health promotion/ disease prevention theoretical or conceptual model |
5 pts (Needs work) Poorly selected and present an appropriate health promotion/ disease prevention theoretical or conceptual model |
0 pts Did not select and present a theoretical or conceptual model framework. |
15 pts |
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| Outcomes |
10 pts (Excellent) Describe the outcomes in detail concurrent with the SMART goal approach. |
8 pts (Good) Briefly described the intended outcomes. |
6 pts (Needs work) Vaguely described the intended outcomes. |
4 pts (Poor) Poorly described the intended outcomes. |
0 pts Did not describe the intended outcomes. |
10 pts | |||||||||||||||
| Detailed Plan |
25 pts (Excellent) Provided a detailed plan for evaluation for each outcome. |
20 pts (Good) Briefly provided a plan for evaluation for each outcome. |
15 pts (Needs work) Vaguely provided a plan for evaluation for each outcome. |
10 pts (Poor) Poorly provided a plan for evaluation for each outcome. |
0 pts Did not. provide a detailed plan for evaluation for each outcome. |
25 pts |
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| Barriers / Challenges |
15 pts (Excellent) Thoroughly described possible barriers/ challenges to implementing the proposed project as well as strategies to address these barriers/ challenges. |
12 pts (Good) Briefly described possible barriers/ challenges to implementing the proposed project as well as strategies to address these barriers/ challenges. |
9 pts (Needs work) Vaguely described possible barriers/ challenges to implementing the proposed project as well as strategies to address these barriers/ challenges. |
3 pts (Poor) Poorly described possible barriers/ challenges to implementing the proposed project as well as strategies to address these barriers/ challenges. |
0 pts Did not describe possible barriers/ challenges to implementing the proposed project as well as strategies to address these barriers/ challenges. |
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| Conclusion |
15 pts (Excellent) The essay has a clear format with an introduction, body with clear transitions between evidence and supporting arguments and a conclusion. The information is presented in an orderly manner. All elements facilitate the flow of the information in the document. |
12 pts (Good) The paper has a clear format with an introduction, body with evidence and supporting arguments and a conclusion. All elements facilitate the flow of the information in the document, but may be missing transitions between sections, or has other small issues with organization. |
9 pts (Limited) The paper structure has one of these issues: The essay does not have a clear introduction or conclusion. OR The conclusion does not take into consideration the information presented. OR Evidence and supporting arguments are not aligned. OR The flow of the document is difficult to follow. |
5 pts (Needs work) The paper does not appear to have any structure. No introduction, progression of thought or defined conclusion. |
0 pts Not submitted |
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Writing Mechanics |
10 pts ( Writing is entirely free of typos, spelling, grammatical, punctuation, or translation errors. |
8 pts ( Minimal (1-3) typos, spelling, grammatical, punctuation, or translation errors. |
5 pts ( Multiple (4-9) typos, spelling, grammatical, punctuation, or translation errors. |
2 pts ( 10 or more typos, spelling, grammatical, punctuation, or translation errors. |
0 pts Not submitted |
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|
Information Literacy Correct application of APA 7th Edition |
10 pts ( Flawless execution of APA. Correct formatting, setup, title page, and perfect citations and references. |
8 pts ( Correct formatting, setup, title page, with minimal formatting or punctuation errors in the citations or references. |
6 pts ( Correct formatting, setup, title page, but significant errors with citations and references. |
2 pts ( Incorrect formatting, setup or missing title page, and/or problematic citations and references. |
0 pts Not used APA style |
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THE MAXIMUM SCORE FOR THIS ACTIVITY IS 100 POINTS, ACCOUNTING FOR A TOTAL OF 15 PERCENT OF THE STUDENT’S FINAL GRADE. |
SCORE (POINTS): |
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GRADE (PERCENT): |
Literature Review Template
Use the “Literature Review Template” as a guideline to help you sort through your thoughts, note important points and think through the similarities and differences:
You are organizing the review by ideas and not by sources
. The literature review is not just a summary of the already published works, it is your synthesis and should show how various articles are linked.
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Source/Reference |
Problem/Purpose |
Sample |
Methods |
Findings |
Limitations |
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Example et al., 2019 |
Examine the work patterns of hospital staff nurses to identify a possible relationship between hours worked and frequency of errors |
Convenience sample 24 nurses (LPNs, RNs with both ADN & BSN preparation) 1-26 years of experience |
Compared three groups of nurses during eight cycles of medication administration |
Distractions Failure to follow the five rights of medication administration or protocol Lack of focus Poor communication |
Observer influence may have affected behavior. Only one nurse observed at a time. Nurses not observed while in the patient’s room |
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Author 1 |
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Author 2 |
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Author 3 |
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Formatting
Title Page
Citation
Outline
