families are usually the overlooked victims. Quietly they feel and view the family imploring because of the ramifications and destructions experienced throughout these processes. I have included a pdf that touches on this very same topic.
Read the article and write a four-page; this should include two additional references to help supplement your research. Remember to use the APA format moving forward.
Alcoholics Anonymous has groups like Al-Anon, and Al-Teens, which help family members. Many children assume this conduct or behavior as their behavior or learned behavior. I want to know your thoughts on this, and please write your feelings or ideas in your conclusion.
Thank you
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Exploring resilience in families living with addiction
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Article PDF Available
Exploring resilience in families living with addiction
September 2011 · Journal of Primary Health Care 3(3):210-7
DOI:10.1071/HC11210
Source · PubMed
Project: Applied Research on Communication in Health (ARCH) Group
Authors:
Show all 5 authors
Abstract
Information about the impact of addiction on New Zealand (NZ) families is scarce. A good
understanding of the nature and extent of family problems is essential to help families
become more resilient and minimise the consequences. This study aimed to explore
experiences of NZ families living with addiction, identify impacts on non-addicted family
members, their coping strategies and barriers to help seeking. Literature and key
stakeholder interviews informed the development of an interview schedule for 29 family
participants recruited through health and social services. Interviews were recorded for
analysis of central themes and critical elements that underpin those. Key stakeholders and
informal informants were again consulted to discuss findings and interpretation. Addiction
has widespread effects on NZ families. The coping strategies described by the participants
in this project lacked the positive connotations of resilience, namely positive adaptation
under significant adversity. Family impacts of addiction are complex, and similar family
problems arise regardless of the substance(s) involved. This small exploratory study
indicates that the implications for NZ families deserve further investigation. Future research
is also required to further characterise the impact of behavioural addictions on families,
addiction in particular ethnic groupings and the implications of the findings for clinical
practice, other social and health services, and for public health and social policy.
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Author content
Exploring resilience in families living
with addiction
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPERS
Helen Moriarty MBChB, MGP, DPH, PGCert HlthSci, PG Dip Tert Tchg; BA Hons (First Class), Maria Stubbe
DipTESL, NZ DipTCHG, MA, PhD; MBChB; Sarah Bradford Sophie Tapper Bee Teng Lim BSc, MB ChB; BA
Hons (First Class) , PG Dip Clinical Psychology, PhD
Department of Primary
Health Care and General
Practice, Wellington School
of Medicine and Health
Sciences, University of Otago,
Wellington, New Zealand
CORRESPONDENCE TO:
Helen Moriarty
Department of Primary
Health Care and General
Practice, Wellington
School of Medicine and
Health Sciences, University
of Otago, PO Box 7343,
Mein Street, Wellington
South, New Zealand
helen.moriarty@
otago.ac.nz
J PRIM HEALTH CARE
2011;3(3):210–217.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Information about the impact of addiction on New Zealand (NZ) families is scarce. A
good understanding of the nature and extent of family problems is essential to help families become more
resilient and minimise the consequences. This study aimed to explore experiences of NZ families living
with addiction, identify impacts on non-addicted family members, their coping strategies and barriers to
help seeking.
METHODS: Literature and key stakeholder interviews informed the development of an interview sched-
ule for 29 family participants recruited through health and social services. Interviews were recorded
for analysis of central themes and critical elements that underpin those. Key stakeholders and informal
informants were again consulted to discuss findings and interpretation.
FINDINGS: Addiction has widespread effects on NZ families. The coping strategies described by the
participants in this project lacked the positive connotations of resilience, namely positive adaptation
under significant adversity.
CONCLUSION: Family impacts of addiction are complex, and similar family problems arise regardless
of the substance(s) involved. This small exploratory study indicates that the implications for NZ families
deserve further investigation. Future research is also required to further characterise the impact of behav-
ioural addictions on families, addiction in particular ethnic groupings and the implications of the findings
for clinical practice, other social and health services, and for public health and social policy.
KEYWORDS: Qualitative research; addiction; family resilience
Introduction
Addiction prevalence in New Zealand
Alcohol, drugs and tobacco are major contributors
to addiction-related morbidity and mortality, and
illicit drug use has increased precipitously over
the last few decades.2 The New Zealand Alcohol
and Drug Use Survey shows that nearly one
in two adult (49%) aged 16–64 years have used
drugs for recreational purposes at some point in
their life, and 16.6% have used drugs recreation-
ally in the past year (tobacco addiction excluded).
Among these recent drug users, 34.5% reported
driving a motor vehicle and 18.5% reported work-
ing under the influence of drugs.3
Alcohol recreational use is even higher.4 The
2007/08 New Zealand Alcohol and Drug Use
Survey shows that three in five (61.6%) drink-
ers have consumed a large amount of alcohol on
at least one occasion in the past year; 6.9% of
alcohol users reported harmful effects on their
friendships and social lives due to their own alco-
hol use, while 16.0% of adults reported harmful
effects on friendships and 8.5% on home life due
to someone else’s alcohol use in the past year.5
Behavioural addictions, such as gambling and
eating disorders, also create significant issues.
The 2006/07 New Zealand Health Survey found
one in 58 adults (1.7%) with either problem (0.4%)
or moderate risk (1.3%) gambling6, while the
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210 VOLUME 3 NUMBER 3 SEPTEMBER 2011 • • JOURNAL OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
VOLUME 3 NUMBER 3 SEPTEMBER 2011 • • J OURNAL OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPERS
2006/07 Gaming and Betting Activities Survey
found that 9% of adults had gambled to a harm-
ful level during the last 12 months.7 Significant
social, health and welfare problems can arise out
of both substance use and abuse. 8–9 The social
costs of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use
to New Zealand (NZ), including poor health,
premature death, decreased productivity, drug-
attributable crime and accidents, was estimated to
be NZD $2.81 to 3.71 billion.10
The role of families
Families have important roles in attracting their
addicted family member into treatment and fos-
tering supportive environmental change. Family
involvement can also foster better engagement of
addicted individuals in treatment.11–14 Communi-
ty Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT)
is a New Mexico programme to restructure the
social, family and vocational facets of an ad-
dicted individual’s life to promote and encour-
age abstinence from substance use.15–17 CRAFT
reported 74% of previously resistant individuals
becoming successfully engaged in treatment,
and a corresponding decrease in physical and
psychological symptoms for non-addicted family
members.16 That team favourably compared the
engagement six months post-intervention from
CRAFT with the family self-help support group
Al-Anon and other addiction treatment serv-
ices.18 However, these studies do not address the
likelihood that family members may have unmet
needs of their own, and the potential to improve
family well being by addressing needs of the
family as a unit.
Impact of addiction on families
The number of families living with addiction in
NZ is unknown, but is likely to be significant.
International research shows the widespread
effects of addiction on families,2,10,19–23 but is
mainly focused on the most visible family phe-
nomena such as domestic abuse, foetal alcohol
spectrum disorder, drug- and drunk-driving.
Addiction has also been shown to disrupt family
relationships, social networks, personal education
or work goals, as well as contributing to financial
and justice problems.1, 14 Copello and Orford have
identified behavioural impacts of addiction on
families, such as poor parenting, unfavourable
role modelling, siblings adopting parenting roles,
socioemotional difficulties and control issues.20
These impacts arise from the disruptive effect of
addiction, but can also contribute to the disrup-
tion. The same team24 summarised two decades
of family addiction qualitative research. Negative
experiences included aggression, deceitfulness
and lying, conflict over money and possessions,
uncertainty and worry, threatened home and
family life.
The literature identifies some of the help-seeking
barriers for families. The Australian National
Council on Drugs reported that family members
living with addictions lack awareness of available
resources, have problems accessing the services,
but are also aware of and fear social stigma.25 UK
research24 reported that some family members
have strongly held beliefs about what it means
to be a good parent or a good partner, and the
shame of having the addiction known outside the
family may prevent help-seeking behaviours, but
sometimes addicted family members themselves
may stop them from seeking help.
The role of resilience
The concept of resilience has its origin in the
psychological study of individuals. It refers to
an individual’s capability to adapt successfully
WHAT GAP THIS FILLS
What we already know: Prior research has focused mainly on the most
visible and well-known addiction-related family phenomena, such as foetal
alcohol syndrome and domestic abuse, while less visible phenomena such a
mental or physical health or interpersonal problems are largely overlooked.
There is a growing interest in the role of families in the recovery of an indi-
vidual with addiction, with a developing body of international literature sug-
gesting that involving those closest and most concerned about the substanc
user can better engage the user in treatment. Despite substantial literature
about resilience, little is specific to collective groupings such as families, or
about family resilience to addiction.
What this study adds: This project begins to fill some gaps in under-
standing of the experiences of NZ families living with addiction, and the
factors important in their coping and resilience. A good understanding of
the nature and extent of family problems in NZ is necessary to find ways to
negate the impact on family/whanau wellbeing.
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212 VOLUME 3 NUMBER 3 SEPTEMBER 2011 • • JOURNAL OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPERS
emotional bonds, effective communication,
intact family belief systems and family tradi-
tions in coping with adversity.28 It is important to
understand the protective factors that enable NZ
families to adapt positively and function well, or
deter other family members from taking a path to
addiction. It is also important to understand how
collective family resilience might be measured,
given the individual and interpersonal nature of
these characteristics.
The present study
The awareness of the limited information on
the extent and potential impact of addiction on
families in NZ provided the impetus for this
current study. This was an exploratory study
to start to address knowledge gaps for NZ
families living with addiction, in particular
the less visible impacts on NZ families living
with addiction.
The project sought to explore the experiences of
NZ families as they support a family member
or members through an alcohol, drug or behav-
ioural addiction, and to understand some of the
help-seeking barriers for families and the coping
strategies employed by family, especially whether
these coping strategies had increased family resil-
ience. Traditionally, addiction treatment services
have focused on treating the individual with
addiction, largely overlooking the family impact.
There are likely to be many more affected family
members living with addiction than the total
number of addicted individuals.
Methods
Participants
Participants were adults aged 18 years or older,
with one or more family member(s) with an ad-
diction. Most participants were recruited from
self-help organisations, some through an informal
snowball technique via other participants or ad-
vertising. A recruitment poster was displayed at
premises of addiction clinics, the needle exchange
and other support services.1 Nineteen family
participants (12 females and seven males) were
interviewed. Table 2 summarises the characteris-
tics of these family participants.
Table 1. Family interview questions
Family scene
setting:
1.
2.
3.
Duration living with a family member with addiction?
How did the family become aware?
How many known family members have addiction
problems and the nature of their addiction?
Family-specific
issues:
1.
2.
3.
What was the biggest impact on the family (hardest for
the family to cope with) and what less so?
How have the issues changed over time?
What has helped the family get through?
Substance-specific
issues:
1.
2.
Does a drug-use problem rather than an alcohol problem
change the issues for some families?
Has that (substance type) affected how well the family
has coped?
Individual seeking
help:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Was help offered to the individual family member(s) with
addiction?
Did that person accept their own drug/alcohol problem?
Why, where and how?
Did that also help the family or cause more difficulties?
How/what?
If the family could give some advice to drug/alcohol
treatment services in NZ, what would that be?
Families seeking
help:
1.
2.
3.
Did the family seek help for itself or for individual non-
addicted members? Why, what and where?
What is good or not so good about the helping services?
If you design a service to help NZ families in this situation,
what would it be like and what help would it offer?
Resilience: 1.
2.
3.
What do they see as protective factors for the family?
How did they cope and what helped the individual to get
through all this?
What do they see as individual and family strengths as a
result of this experience?
despite risk and adversity.26 Resilience is defined
as the ability to persist, bounce back and even
thrive, in the face of stressful circumstances.27
The literature mentions resilience of individuals
growing up in a family affected by substance use
or addiction, but it remains somewhat unclear
whether or how the concept might apply to a col-
lective group such as the family unit. It has been
suggested that the concept of family resilience
should recognise family strengths, including
collective family capacity to resist risk factors.
One possible definition of family resilience is “a
dynamic process encompassing positive adapta-
tion within the context of significant adversity”.26
Previous research also points to the importance
of aspects of family functioning such as strong
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Kunnskapsoppsummering om barn og partnere til personer med rusproblemer
Research Full-text available
Jan 2019
Anne Schanche Selbekk · Anne Faugli · Elin Kufås · Torleif Ruud
Mental and physical health in family members of substance users: A scoping review
Article
Nov 2020 · DRUG ALCOHOL DEPEN
Citations (38) References (27)
… På den ene siden beskrives det uforutsigbare i den rusavhengiges humør og atferd, som også påvirket den andre
voksnes humør (Haugland, 2005;Peled & Sacks, 2008). Barn og voksne må forholde seg til brutte løfter, svik, løgn,
bedrag, kontroll og manipuleringer (Lee & Kirsh, 2006; Moriarty, Stubbe, Bradford, Tapper, & Lim, 2011; Peled & Sacks,
2008), og partner opplever å få skylden for ektefelles avhengighet (Peled & Sacks, 2008). Konflikter mellom partnere
var vanlig, også vold og krenkelser (Haugland, 2005;Lee & Kirsh, 2006;Peled & Sacks, 2008). …
… Konflikter mellom partnere var vanlig, også vold og krenkelser (Haugland, 2005;Lee & Kirsh, 2006;Peled & Sacks,
2008). Som partner i denne konfliktfylte situasjonen bruker man mye krefter på å gi inntrykk av at alt er normalt (Lee &
Kirsh, 2006; Moriarty et al., 2011; Peled & Sacks, 2008), man prøver å skåne barna for konflikter og går på jobb og later
som om alt er ok (Peled & Sacks, 2008). Eller man er hjemmevaerende og sosialt isolert (Lee & Kirsh, 2006). …
… Situasjonen beskrives som ekstremt vanskelig. De strever med økonomien, og det er liten støtte fra familie og
hjelpeinstanser (Moriarty et al., 2011) . Både rutiner og praktisk arbeid i hjemmet, men også jobb ute bidro til å
distrahere fra den uholdbare situasjonen med rusbruk (Haugland, 2005;Peled & Sacks, 2008). …
View Show abstract
… Studies identified themes related to emotional and psychological stress and impact (Butler and Bauld, 2005;Joolaee
et al., 2014;Maghsoudi et al., 2019;McCann et al., 2019;Soklaridis et al., 2019). Frequently experienced emotions were:
guilt, self-blame, shame (Arcidiacono et al., 2009;Butler and Bauld, 2005;Horta et al., 2016; Moriarty et al., 2011; Richert
et al., 2018;Usher et al., 2007), concern and worry ( Arcidiacono et al., 2009;Jackson and Mannix, 2003;Moriarty et al.,
2011;Velleman et al., 1993), hopelessness and powerlessness (Horta et al., 2016;McCann and Lubman, 2018;Oliveira
and Medonça, 2012;Richert et al., 2018), grief (Richert et al., 2018;Usher et al., 2007), and anger (Horta et al.,
2016;Velleman et al., 1993). Also, themes frequently included reference to family conflicts (Oliveira and Medonça,
2012;Van Hout and Bingham, 2012;Velleman et al., 1993), disruptions of daily routines (Butler and Bauld, 2005;Richert
et al., 2018), limitations to social and leisure activities (Arcidiacono et al., 2009;McCann et al., 2019), as well as financial
consequences of a relative’s substance use (Butler and Bauld, 2005;Horta et al., 2016;McCann et al., 2019;Moriarty et
al., 2011). …
… Studies identified themes related to emotional and psychological stress and impact (Butler and Bauld, 2005;Joolaee
et al., 2014;Maghsoudi et al., 2019;McCann et al., 2019;Soklaridis et al., 2019). Frequently experienced emotions were:
guilt, self-blame, shame (Arcidiacono et al., 2009;Butler and Bauld, 2005;Horta et al., 2016;Moriarty et al., 2011;Richert
et al., 2018;Usher et al., 2007), concern and worry ( Arcidiacono et al., 2009;Jackson and Mannix, 2003; Moriarty et al.,
2011; Velleman et al., 1993), hopelessness and powerlessness (Horta et al., 2016;McCann and Lubman, 2018;Oliveira
and Medonça, 2012;Richert et al., 2018), grief (Richert et al., 2018;Usher et al., 2007), and anger (Horta et al.,
2016;Velleman et al., 1993). Also, themes frequently included reference to family conflicts (Oliveira and Medonça,
2012;Van Hout and Bingham, 2012;Velleman et al., 1993), disruptions of daily routines (Butler and Bauld, 2005;Richert
et al., 2018), limitations to social and leisure activities (Arcidiacono et al., 2009;McCann et al., 2019), as well as financial
consequences of a relative’s substance use (Butler and Bauld, 2005;Horta et al., 2016;McCann et al., 2019;Moriarty et
al., 2011). …
… Frequently experienced emotions were: guilt, self-blame, shame (Arcidiacono et al., 2009;Butler and Bauld,
2005;Horta et al., 2016;Moriarty et al., 2011;Richert et al., 2018;Usher et al., 2007), concern and worry ( Arcidiacono et
al., 2009;Jackson and Mannix, 2003;Moriarty et al., 2011;Velleman et al., 1993), hopelessness and powerlessness
(Horta et al., 2016;McCann and Lubman, 2018;Oliveira and Medonça, 2012;Richert et al., 2018), grief (Richert et al.,
2018;Usher et al., 2007), and anger (Horta et al., 2016;Velleman et al., 1993). Also, themes frequently included
reference to family conflicts (Oliveira and Medonça, 2012;Van Hout and Bingham, 2012;Velleman et al., 1993),
disruptions of daily routines (Butler and Bauld, 2005;Richert et al., 2018), limitations to social and leisure activities
(Arcidiacono et al., 2009;McCann et al., 2019), as well as financial consequences of a relative’s substance use (Butler
and Bauld, 2005;Horta et al., 2016;McCann et al., 2019; Moriarty et al., 2011) . AFMs described feeling stigmatized and
blamed (Joolaee et al., 2014;Maghsoudi et al., 2019;Lubman, 2018, 2017;Soklaridis et al., 2019;Van Hout and Bingham,
2012), having difficulties finding support, and being socially isolated (Arcidiacono et al., 2009;Butler and Bauld,
2005;Horta et al., 2016;Maghsoudi et al., 2019;McCann et al., 2019;Moriarty et al., 2011;Richert et al., 2018;Soklaridis
et al., 2019;Velleman et al., 1993). …
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354624123_Kunnskapsoppsummering_om_barn_og_partnere_til_personer_med_rusproblemer
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anne-Selbekk-2
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anne-Faugli
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Elin-Kufas
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Torleif-Ruud
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346600573_Mental_and_physical_health_in_family_members_of_substance_users_A_scoping_review
https://www.researchgate.net/journal/Drug-and-Alcohol-Dependence-0376-8716
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354624123_Kunnskapsoppsummering_om_barn_og_partnere_til_personer_med_rusproblemer
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Marco Di Sarno · Valentina De Candia · Fabio Rancati · Rossella Di Pierro
The Role of Psychological Resilience and Family Dysfunction in the Relationship Between Parental Behavioural
Addictions and Adult Mental Health
Article
Dec 2022
Keren Cohen · Charlotte Jones
Family Roles in the Risk of Serious Mental Illness among Youth with Substance Misuse: A Systematic Review
Article Full-text available
Nov 2022
Mubashir Zafar
ChinMedCult CCT and TCM
Article Full-text available
May 2022
Bonnie K Lee
Depression in Ugandan Rural Women Involved in a Money Saving Group: The Role of Spouse’s, Unemployment,
Extramarital Relationship, and Substance Use
Article Full-text available
View Show abstract
… In the context of addictions, Park and Schepp (2015), in a systematic review of children of alcoholic parents,
considered children’s vulnerability and psychological resilience on four levels: the individual level (e.g., age, gender,
cognitive and academic abilities, temperament, self regulation and self-esteem), the parental level (e.g., attachment
style, parent-child relationship, parentification), the familial level (e.g., family violence, family cohesion, trusted family
members and parents’ co-morbid mental health conditions), and the social level (e.g., social support, extra-curricular
activities, positive relationships later in life). In studies related to addictions, several aspects of family
dynamics/environments were found to promote psychological resilience including direct involvement and clear
communication (e.g., Wyman et al., 2000), family cohesion and family adaptability (Leys et al., 2017; Moriarty et al.,
2011) , effective disciplining, and consistency (Armstrong et al., 2005). Other factors such as hostility, rejection, control
and neglect (Lind et al., 2018) as well as invalidation and inconsistent discipline (Hann & Borek, 2001), were linked to
reduced levels of psychological resilience. …
… Taking together various findings on the long-term impact that parental addiction has on children (e.g., Catalano et al.,
2002;McPherson et al., 2013), the link between addictions and disruptive family environments (e.g., Barnard,
2007;Catalano et al., 2002;Keller et al., 2002;Testa & Smith, 2009), the link between family dynamics and psychological
resilience (e.g. Armstrong et al., 2005;Leys et al., 2017; Moriarty et al., 2011; Wyman et al., 2000), and Leys et al.’s
(2017) study which found that psychological resilience fully mediated the link between family dynamics and mental
health, we predict that the link between parental behavioural addictions and mental health will be mediated by a
disruptive family environment which will be linked to reduced psychological resilience and then to reduced mental health
. Based on these findings, we hypothesise that: …
View Show abstract
… Family members were involved when the victim of substance misuse had serious medical disorders (12,18). A study
found that mothers have adapting reaction when managing issues in the youth (26) . They observed an assortment of
complex adapting components expressed by the members (27). …
View Show abstract
… We now know from the last decade of research that in the background of people with addiction is frequently a history
of childhood abuse, neglect, loss, and abandonment. [24] Persons with addiction also have problematic marital and
family relationships, [25, 26] intimate partner violence, [27,28] and abuse and neglect of their children. [29] In an
atomistic view of disease and symptoms, it is difficult to link seemingly remote childhood experiences to problematic
relationships in adult lives and addictive and mental disorders. …
View Show abstract
… In most Ugandan cultures, extramarital relationships are accepted, and polygamous relationships are considered
normal in most communities, which explains the high prevalence of extramarital affairs found in our study because most
women do not accept these practices is seen as a breach of marital trust. 49 Despite the fact that the majority of the
studies about the effect of spouse’s addictive substance uses being qualitative, [50][51] [52] this study, one of very few,
found a statistically significant relationship between participants’ depression and their spouse’s use of addictive
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