Chapter 1 & 2

the number of existing cases of a disease in a particular population per unit of that population

the number of new cases of a disease in a particular population over a specified time period per unit of that population

the study of health topics at the population scale, emphasizing health promoting behaviors that will generate benefit for the broader population

the number of infants who die between birth and the age of 1 in a given year, usually reported per 1000 live births

the average years and infant born in a particular year is expected to live, assuming that current mortality rates continue to apply

countries marginalized by the global economy, including most countries of Africa, Latin America, and Asia

affluent countries, including Western Europe, EU S, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Israel, and Japan

non-communicable diseases associated with poor diet and sedentary lifestyle, including obesity, heart disease, and cancer

persisting or recurring over a long period of time

communities suffering significantly from both infectious diseases and diseases sociated with increasing affluence such as obesity are sometimes said to suffer from a double burden of disease

average number of children born per woman over her lifetime

social connections and networks that can serve to benefit both individuals and societies

the economic integration of the world, facilitated by advances in logistics and communication

deaths associated with drug abuse, suicide, and alcoholism: often interpreted as reflecting wider social problems

the immediate concerns that lead directly to illness, such as lack of food or exposure to an infectious agent

the structuring of society around men as the dominant figure

the area encompassed by a topic or study; A global study is considered to be a large scale study and a study of a neighborhood is considered to be a small scale study

cultural, economic, and political structures of society, such as government legislation, social hierarchies, and poverty

regional groups of people, identified by differences in appearance such as skin color; The biological validity of the concept of race is highly contested

efforts to promote health and well-being by encouraging healthy behaviors before the onset of disease, as well as early detection of disease via screening programs

methods of inquiry based on counting, measuring, and other numerical techniques

techniques such as interviewing, focus groups, and participant observation that deepen our understanding of individual behavior, asking how and why people make the decisions they do

concerned with defining where things are; Notions of location, distance, and area help us to describe this

specific geographic settings; Spaces with meaning attached to them

A measure of the market value of goods and services provided over a time period; It provides a good way to compare the relative affluence of different countries

a philosophical approach that suggests that humans are overwhelmingly influenced by their environment, particularly climate, with respect to characteristics such as behavior, physiology, and personality

the capacity of individuals to make their own decisions and control their own destiny

an approach to disease that considers humans as one part of an interrelated ecological community, necessitating the study of pathogens, vectors, hosts, and the environments that support them

an organism or substance that causes disease

the idea that microbes invade human bodies and cause alterations that result in disease

the idea that one cause, such as a pathogen or toxin, is necessary and sufficient cause for a particular set of symptoms

cause of illness or condition

medical practice that focuses on empirical testing as a way to seek connections between particular causative agents and symptoms

a philosophical approach that attempts to reduce complex systems to their parts, which can then be studied independently; Critics argue that this can lead to oversimplification

an approach to health that considers physical, mental, spiritual, and emotional health as interrelated

the unique feeling or spirit of a place, associated with its social significance

the proportion of people with a particular disease who subsequently die from it

causing bleeding

a pool of pathogens that can act as a source of reinfection of human populations; they can be either other animals species or inanimate, often water or soil

the spread of a pathogen from its natural host species, causing disease in another species

a living agent of disease

the study of interactions between the earths atmosphere and biosphere

human constructed aspects of one's surrounding

an inanimate object or substance that can cause disease

a sudden increase in asthma related symptoms following a thunderstorm; thought to be associated with the inhalation of micro fragments of pollen leading to an allergic reaction in susceptible individuals

aspects of an individual surroundings that relate to interactions with other humans, including political, economic, and cultural characteristics

able to be passed from person to person

not able to be passed from one person to person

the ease with which a disease can spread

transmitted very easily from person to person

one transmitted by a pathogen; In general usage the term often also implies that a disease is communicable

a disease that is not identifiable by recognizable symptoms or clinical tests

the existence of viruses in the blood

a disease is said to be clinical when it is identifiable by its symptoms or clinical tests

lacking symptoms of disease despite infection

the potential of a pathogen to cause disease; this pathogen may cause worse symptoms and or symptoms in more people

an individual infected with a particular pathogen and able to transmit it to others, but who shows no symptoms of disease; Can also refer to an individual who carries an unexpressed gene for a particular disease that could lead to the disease in the carriers children

isolation of an infectious individual or someone suspected of being infectious from uninfected individuals

transmission of a pathogen to a new host by contract or through the air

the transmission of a pathogen from one host to another via a fomite or vector

an inanimate object or substance that can harbor a pathogen

the transmission of pathogens through the consumption of fecal matter in contaminated food or water

an organism that transmits a pathogen between hosts, such as a mosquito or fly

the passing of a disease from one independent host to another

transmission of a disease from mother to offspring during gestation, birth, or breastfeeding

the selection of genetic traits in a population over generations that offer advantages for living in local conditions

the complete genetic information of a particular individual

the study of changes in the genome associated environmental influences

changes to the physical body that allow an individual to better tolerate local conditions

lacking exposure to a particular pathogen

adjusting behavior to cope with conditions

a sudden, large outbreak of a disease with far more cases than expected for a time and place

the scientific methods and study of factors that affect the health of populations

a widespread epidemic, usually continent wide or global in reach

an epidemic that spreads quickly through a population with no previous exposure to that disease; Term coined by Alfred Crosby

vulnerable to a particular disease

diseases that typically affect only children because most adults are exposed in childhood and therefore resistant to the disease into adulthood

a situation in which a sufficiently large proportion of a population is resistant to a disease that the likelihood of a susceptible individual meeting and infected individual becomes so low that disease transmission effectively ceases

the study of how cultural practices influence people's interactions with their environment

a disease of animals

a disease that commonly affects both animals and humans

a situation in which a pathogen is unable to spread new hosts, usually because the pathogen is not well adapted to that species of host

where the organism completes a larval cycle

the human or animal in which a pathogen resides

where the Organism completes the sexual stage of its life cycle

an organism that is used to reduce the population of pest species

the ways in which regions impart patterns to disease distributions via factors such as vegetation, geology, and climate

poor health, disease

an organism that lives off another to the detriment of the host

lacking a stable and guaranteed supply of sufficient food

a huge city; The term is often reserved for cities in the global south that are not able to keep up with providing infrastructure to their rapidly growing populations

the collective experience of city living that leads to worse health than in rural areas, including factors such as overcrowding, decaying infrastructure, and pollution

prevalent in a particular area; An endemic disease is one that circulates constantly at low levels in a specified region