question
T or F: the fetus is a sterile environment up until birth
answer
True
question
What is symbiosis?
answer
Any relationship in which two species live closely together
question
What is mutualism?
answer
both organisms benefit
question
What is commensalism?
answer
one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
question
What is parasitism?
answer
One organism benefits and the other is harmed
question
What is the relationship that Proteus mirabilis has with humans?
answer
Commensal.
question
What is the relationship between Entamoeba histolytica and humans?
answer
parasitism, it causes olcers
question
What are transient microbiota?
answer
may be present for days, weeks, or months, but are temporary and do not stay for our lifespan
question
What can be taken when someone has been on antibiotics for a while?
answer
probiotics
question
What is the pH of the female genital tract?
answer
4-5
question
What is the pH of breastmilk?
answer
5-5.5
question
Why don't a lot of fetal biota survive?
answer
because breast milk is acidic and therefore makes their GI tract more acidic than normal
question
About how many different species of bacteria reside in the mouth?
answer
500
question
T or F: organisms concentrate in areas that are moist such as the armpit, groin, and perineum
answer
True
question
Why are skin bacteria beneficial?
answer
inhibit the growth of more pathogenic bacterial species
question
What is the most prominent genus of bacteria in the mouth?
answer
Streptococcus
question
what protects the lower respiratory tract?
answer
ciliated cells that catch and move bacteria up and out
question
Staph. Aureus has been found in a patients nose, what should be done?
answer
nothing, Staph. aureus is a normal and healthy bacteria of the nose and nasopharnyx
question
If an upper respiratory tract infection has been acquired, the bacteria is most likely an....
answer
Enterobacteriacea
question
About how many species of bacteria colonize the intestinal tract?
answer
35,000
question
Where is microorganism population the lowest?
answer
esophagus- about 10 microbes per gram of content
question
About how many bacteria are found per gram of solid material in the colon?
answer
10 trillion
question
What percentage of bacterial live in the colon compared to the entire body?
answer
70%
question
T or F: the Kidneys, bladder, cervix and fallopian tubes are normally sterile
answer
True
question
T or F: There isn't any bacteria found in the distal urethra, especially in women.
answer
False there is!
question
What makes the bacterial composition of the female genital tract change?
answer
puberty and hormones
question
What can cause an opportunistic infection?
answer
trauma, immunosuppressive drugs, chemotherapy, or radiation
question
When someone has salmonella what is usually done?
answer
Observance, nothing else. The bacteria is usually eliminated by the microbiota of the colon
question
What is the difference between a true pathogen and an opportunistic pathogen?
answer
A true pathogen can cause illness to those who are immunocompetent, opportunistic pathogens can ONLY cause illness to those who are immunosuppressed
question
Are Yersina pestis and Bacillus anthracis true or opportunistic pathogens?
answer
True
question
What is an iatrogenic infection?
answer
infection occurs from diagnostic procedure or surgery
question
What are the routes of transmission?
answer
Airborne, food and water, close contact, cuts and bites, arthropods, zoonoses
question
What are some of the secretory defenses put up against airborne transmitted diseases?
answer
mucus lined passageway, IgA, lysozyme and alveolar macrophages
question
What are fomites?
answer
inanimate objects that can spread disease
question
Under what mode of transmission is the fecal-oral route categorized?
answer
food/ water, not washing hands and then eating
question
What are enterotoxigenic bacteria?
answer
bacteria that are normal biota but that has evolved to release toxins
question
Pasteurella multocida is transferred via what bite?
answer
Cat/dog
question
What is virulence?
answer
The ability of a pathogen to cause an infection
question
How is virulence measured?
answer
infectious dose and/or lethal dose
How many pathogens it takes to cause illness
How many pathogens it takes to cause illness
question
If a pathogen takes a lot of units to infect the host but the disease it causes is lethal it might be said the it's virulence is...
answer
High
question
What are virulence factors?
answer
properties of the pathogen that allow it to successfully invade and cause disease in a host
ex. Capsules and toxins
ex. Capsules and toxins
question
How do pathogens evade phagocytosis? what protein helps with this?
answer
having a capsule, Protein A (inhibits binding of ab's), toxins that destroy tissues and kill phagocytes, inhibit chemotaxis
question
How does protein A inhibit the binding of Ab's
answer
It binds the Fc region (the stalk, instead of the head)
question
What are Leukocidins?
answer
cause lysosomal discharge of WBC's in to the cytoplasm
Kills leukocytes
Kills leukocytes
question
What is chemotaxis?
answer
movement of a cells to an infected site in response to a chemical stimulus
question
T or F: in most cases pathogens do not need to adhere to the host to cause an infection
answer
False
question
What are adhesions?
answer
Microbial surface structures that mediate attachment
question
T or F: once pathogens are adhered to non-phagocytic cells they are less likely to be phagocytized
answer
True
question
Abs that adhere to ___________ prevent infection
answer
adhesions
then pathogen cannot adhere to that area
then pathogen cannot adhere to that area
question
Lactoferrin competes with bacteria for what?
answer
Free iron: an essential trace element
question
T or F: some pathogens can shift their surface antigens
answer
True
question
Some pathogens cannot be killed when ingested by Macrophages, why?
answer
they are not affected by lysosomes, they prevent fusion to the lysosomes, and/or use the Macrophage as a place of replication
question
What is dissemination?
answer
the movement of a pathogen from one place to others around the body, no longer localized
question
What are exotoxins?
answer
proteins produced and secreted by bacteria
question
what are endotoxins?
answer
a toxin that is present inside a bacterial cell and is released when the cell disintegrates
question
Endotoxins exist in...
A. Gram negative
B. Gram Positive
A. Gram negative
B. Gram Positive
answer
Gram negative
question
T or F: exotoxins are destroyed by heating
answer
False
question
__________ _________is a nerve toxin that blocks nerve impulse transmission, causing flaccid paralysis, especially in infants
answer
Botulinum toxin
question
Strep. pyogenes, and S. aureus both produce_________ which causes rash and massive skin peeling or exfoliation
answer
exfoliatin
question
Lipid A in LPS of gram- negative bacteria is responsible for ....
answer
endotoxins
question
T or F: endotoxins can cause fever
answer
True
question
What are some of our bodies bacterial cleansing mechanisms?
answer
Skin shedding, or desquamation
fluids of the eye and respiratory, digestive, urinary and genital tracts
fluids of the eye and respiratory, digestive, urinary and genital tracts
question
Tears contain IgA and ______
answer
lysozyme
question
What are bacteriocins?
answer
proteins produced by one bacterium that inhibits another so it doesn't have to compete for space and nutrients
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