question
infection
answer
happens when a pathogen invades a hot and starts growing
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disease
answer
when invasion and growth of the pathogen impairs bodily function
question
to cause disease in four steps
answer
1. pathogens enter host
2. pathogens must find and adhere to specific cells
3. invade and colonize host tissues
4. inflict damage on host tissues
2. pathogens must find and adhere to specific cells
3. invade and colonize host tissues
4. inflict damage on host tissues
question
pathogens that are easily transmitted are considered...
answer
highly contagious (flu, strep, ebola)
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virulent pathogens
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likely to cause disease
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Porins
answer
Channels in outer membrane that allow molecules in and out of cells in gram negative
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four ways people can become infected
answer
1. contact with air
2. contact with infected bodily fluids
3. contact with contaminated things that are consumed
4. contaminated surfaces
2. contact with infected bodily fluids
3. contact with contaminated things that are consumed
4. contaminated surfaces
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size of a virus
answer
small
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characteristics of a virus
answer
not a cell
not living
not living
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surroundings of a virus
answer
RNA or DNA surrounded by protein
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reproduction of virsuses
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need a host to reproduce
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ways to heal viral infections
answer
no cures, vaccines prevent infections
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size of bacteria
answer
large
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characteristics of bacteria
answer
single cell organisms
living
living
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surroundings of bacteria
answer
cell well, cell membrane and ribosomes with DNA and RNA
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reproduction of bacteria
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asexual through binary fission
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treatment of bacterial infections
answer
antibiotics
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non-specific defense
answer
automatic response
1. physical barriers
2. internal defense-inflammatory response
1. physical barriers
2. internal defense-inflammatory response
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phagocytes
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consume/engulf pathogens
types: macrophages, neutrophils
types: macrophages, neutrophils
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specific defense
answer
immune system recognizes and responds to specific pathogens
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lymphocytes
answer
recognizes and responds to specific pathogens
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b cells
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release antibodies that bind to antigens on pathogen and tag for destruction
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cytotoxic t cells
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identify and destroy pathogens
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memory t cells
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stick around after infection is over and "remember" each pathogen and can initiate a quiet response upon subsequent exposure to pathogen
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what do vaccines do?
answer
mimic infection to stimulate creation of memory T cells and prevents future infections
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long term effects of infection
answer
heart tissue damage
nerve damage
nerve damage
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bacteria
answer
strep throat
airborne droplets
does not require host for reproduction
antibiotics
airborne droplets
does not require host for reproduction
antibiotics
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viruses
answer
common cold
human contact
requires host for reproduction
over the counter drugs
human contact
requires host for reproduction
over the counter drugs
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fungus
answer
athlete's foot
moist areas
does not require host for reproduction
anti-fungal medication
moist areas
does not require host for reproduction
anti-fungal medication
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protozoa
answer
malaria
ingesting a parasite/ human contact
requires host for reproduction
anti-parasite drug
ingesting a parasite/ human contact
requires host for reproduction
anti-parasite drug
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helminthes
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tapeworm
contact with soil or feces with eggs
require host for reproduction that leaves eggs
anti-parasite medications
contact with soil or feces with eggs
require host for reproduction that leaves eggs
anti-parasite medications
question
prions
answer
mad cow disease
genetic disease
requires host for reproduction
no treatments
genetic disease
requires host for reproduction
no treatments
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microbiologist
answer
studies the structure, growth and development of microorganisms
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diagnostic microbiologist
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identify and isolate bacteria from a patient specimen
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where does bacteria grow? in what form?
answer
bacteria grows in colonies
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aseptic technique
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performing a lab in a sterile environment
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streaking technique
answer
t-streak used to isolate single bacterial colonies
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general bacteria structure
answer
cell membrane (phospholipids)
ribosomes
one circular chromosome
cell wall (peptidoglycan)
ribosomes
one circular chromosome
cell wall (peptidoglycan)
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cocci
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spherical shape in pairs
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streptococci
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spherical shape in chains
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bacillus
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rod shaped
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diplobaccillus
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rod shapes in pairs
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streptobacillus
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rod shapes in chains
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vibrio
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bent rod shaped
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spirillum
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helical shape
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gram stain
answer
one of the first steps to ID beacteria
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purpose of gram stain
answer
measure the ability of bacteria to retain crystal violet dye
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gram negative
answer
thin cell well
outer-membrane surrounding the cell wall
made of lipids and acts as a barrier to prevent molecules entering the cell
has porins: only allow certain molecules into cell
do not retain crystal violet dye
appear red/pink after gram stain
outer-membrane surrounding the cell wall
made of lipids and acts as a barrier to prevent molecules entering the cell
has porins: only allow certain molecules into cell
do not retain crystal violet dye
appear red/pink after gram stain
question
gram positive
answer
thick cell wall (peptidoglycan)
no outer membrane
no porins
retain crystal violet dye
appear purple in color after gram stain
no outer membrane
no porins
retain crystal violet dye
appear purple in color after gram stain
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